Figure 1.

Cancer immunotherapy treatment outcomes based on predictive biomarkers. Conventional immunotherapies were performed without a predictive biomarker, hence the benefit was low. Patients with a high tumor mutation burden (TMB) or deficient mismatch repair gene (MMR) will respond well to the immune check point inhibitor (ICI) alone. Patients with a high amount of regulatory T cells (Treg) and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) will require combination immunotherapy of ICI and agents that resolve suppressive immunity. Patients with cold tumors and/or low Ki-67 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will require a combination therapy of ICI and immune adjuvants as well as vaccination against the neoantigens. Patients with a low percentage of peripheral lymphocytes might be regarded as unsuitable candidates for immunotherapy.