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. 2019 Aug 25;9(9):604. doi: 10.3390/ani9090604

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Salivary oxytocin (mean ± standard error) before and after two types of human–animal interactions and a control condition for (a) Pende and (b) Kongo. Friedman tests comparing the change in hormone levels (calculated by subtracting the pre from the post-15 values) across conditions were non-significant for each gorilla. Bars with different letters within a condition are significantly different or trending at p < 0.10 comparing time points within that condition based on Wilcoxon signed rank tests with Monte Carlo sampling.

Salivary oxytocin (mean ± standard error) before and after two types of human–animal interactions and a control condition for (a) Pende and (b) Kongo. Friedman tests comparing the change in hormone levels (calculated by subtracting the pre from the post-15 values) across conditions were non-significant for each gorilla. Bars with different letters within a condition are significantly different or trending at p < 0.10 comparing time points within that condition based on Wilcoxon signed rank tests with Monte Carlo sampling.