Figure 9.

Expected mechanism of manoalide-induced preferential antiproliferation on oral cancer cells. Manoalide may preferentially kill oral cancer cells by inducing oxidative stress, such as ROS and MitoSOX productions, as well as MitoMP depolarization. These oxidative stresses may induce DNA double strand break damage and oxidative DNA 8-oxodG DNA damage. DNA damage may induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation [67]. Finally, these oxidative stress and DNA damage changes cooperate to induce apoptosis [50] and lead to preferential antiproliferation of oral cancer cells. Additionally, apoptosis may also regulate DNA damage and oxidative stress. Solid lines (arrow and T) indicate the activating and inhibiting results from this study, whereas dashed lines indicate the mechanism is supported by literature.