Table 2.
Mean analyte concentrations (±SD) of early samples collected until day 100 of lactation.
| Mean ± SD | CD Mother | Day of Lactation | Country p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (CI: 0.06%; 99.94%) | β (CI: 0.06%; 99.94%) | |||
| Hormones | ||||
| IGF-II, ng/mL | 17.41 ± 6.09 | −0.048 (−0.423; 0.326) | −0.005 (−0.014; 0.003) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 12.46 ± 8.19 | −0.090 (−0.480; 0.300) | 0.003 (−0.006; 0.012) | 1 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 19.28 ± 6.63 | 0.134 (−0.267; 0.534) | −0.005 (−0.014; 0.004) | 1 |
| macronutrients, g/dL | ||||
| Fat | 2.2 ± 1.2 | −0.202 (−0.600; 0.196) | −0.002 (−0.011; 0.007) | 0.031 |
| Carbohydrates | 6.5 ± 0.4 | −0.102 (−0.482; 0.278) | −0.002 (−0.010; 0.007) | 0.701 |
| Protein | 1.16 ± 0.22 | 0.081 (−0.276; 0.439) | −0.015 (−0.023; −0.007) | 0.049 |
| Fatty Acids, wt % | ||||
| SFA | ||||
| C8:0 | 0.26 ± 0.10 | 0.129 (−0.258; 0.516) | −0.007 (−0.016; 0.001) | 0.002 |
| C10:0 | 1.36 ± 0.32 | 0.224 (−0.161; 0.609) | −0.013 (−0.022; −0.004) | 0.122 |
| C12:0 | 5.37 ± 1.69 | 0.244 (−0.150; 0.639) | −0.01 (−0.019; −0.001) | 1 |
| C13:0 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.134 (−0.258; 0.526) | −0.002 (−0.011; 0.007) | 0.005 |
| C14:0 | 5.76 ± 1.62 | 0.131 (−0.268; 0.530) | −0.006 (−0.015; 0.003) | 0.031 |
| C15:0 | 0.32 ± 0.12 | −0.068 (−0.404; 0.269) | 0.001 (−0.007; 0.008) | <0.001 |
| C16:0 | 22.16 ± 2.92 | −0.446 (−0.770; −0.122) | 0.002 (−0.005; 0.009) | <0.001 |
| C17:0 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.020 (−0.342; 0.382) | 0.005 (−0.003; 0.013) | <0.001 |
| C18:0 | 7.37 ± 1.33 | −0.108 (−0.500; 0.284) | 0.007 (−0.002; 0.015) | <0.001 |
| C20:0 | 0.27 ± 0.10 | −0.006 (−0.421; 0.409) | 0.003 (−0.006; 0.013) | 0.821 |
| C22:0 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.143 (−0.239; 0.525) | 0.004 (−0.004; 0.013) | <0.001 |
| C24:0 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.181 (−0.184; 0.545) | −0.004 (−0.012; 0.004) | <0.001 |
| MUFA | ||||
| C14:1 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | −0.102 (−0.442; 0.237) | −0.004 (−0.011; 0.004) | <0.001 |
| C15:1 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.005 (−0.338; 0.348) | 0.001 (−0.007; 0.008) | <0.001 |
| C16:1 n-7 | 2.23 ± 0.69 | −0.103 (−0.480; 0.274) | −0.006 (−0.015; 0.002) | <0.001 |
| C18:1 n-9 | 35.33 ± 4.35 | 0.216 (−0.119; 0.550) | 0.005 (−0.003; 0.012) | <0.001 |
| C18:1 n-7 | 1.62 ± 0.25 | 0.185 (−0.223; 0.593) | −0.007 (−0.016; 0.002) | 1 |
| C20:1 n-9 | 0.46 ± 0.08 | 0.235 (−0.140; 0.610) | −0.011 (−0.019; −0.003) | 0.272 |
| C24:1 n-9 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.306 (−0.042; 0.653) | −0.015 (−0.022; −0.007) | <0.001 |
| PUFA | ||||
| n6 | ||||
| C18:2 n-6 | 13.27 ± 4.16 | −0.028 (−0.380; 0.323) | 0.002 (−0.005; 0.010) | <0.001 |
| C18:3 n-6 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | −0.205 (−0.603; 0.193) | 0.000 (−0.009; 0.009) | 0.619 |
| C20:2 n-6 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.098 (−0.239; 0.435) | −0.014 (−0.022; −0.007) | <0.001 |
| C20:3 n-6 | 0.44 ± 0.11 | −0.010 (−0.374; 0.354) | −0.019 (−0.027; −0.011) | <0.001 |
| C20:4 n-6 | 0.49 ± 0.11 | 0.066 (−0.294; 0.426) | −0.013 (−0.021; −0.005) | <0.001 |
| C22:4 n-6 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.137 (−0.191; 0.466) | −0.014 (−0.021; −0.007) | <0.001 |
| C22:5 n-6 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.167 (−0.171; 0.506) | −0.013 (−0.021; −0.006) | <0.001 |
| n3 | ||||
| C18:3 n-3 | 0.77 ± 0.39 | −0.065 (−0.429; 0.298) | −0.001 (−0.009; 0.007) | <0.001 |
| C20:3 n-3 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.106 (−0.245; 0.458) | −0.010 (−0.018; −0.002) | <0.001 |
| C20:5 n-3 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.012 (−0.383; 0.408) | −0.005 (−0.014; 0.004) | <0.001 |
| C22:5 n-3 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.016 (−0.363; 0.396) | −0.007 (−0.016; 0.001) | <0.001 |
| C22:6 n-3 | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.117 (−0.274; 0.508) | −0.009 (−0.017; 0.000) | <0.001 |
| n9 | ||||
| C20:3 n-9 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.021 (−0.380; 0.423) | −0.003 (−0.012; 0.006) | 0.018 |
| Trans FA | ||||
| C16:1 trans | 0.06 ± 0.02 | −0.049 (−0.412; 0.314) | 0.005 (−0.003; 0.013) | <0.001 |
| C18:1 trans | 0.31 ± 0.20 | −0.296 (−0.672; 0.080) | 0.004 (−0.005; 0.012) | 0.001 |
| C18:2 trans | 0.10 ± 0.04 | −0.010 (−0.359; 0.339) | 0.002 (−0.005; 0.010) | <0.001 |
Influence of maternal celiac disease (CD) status and day of lactation are indicated by β estimates, and influence of country is indicated by the p-values from analysis of variance (ANOVA). Weighted effects coding was used to code the country. p-values and 95% confidence intervals were Bonferroni corrected (n = 41), resulting in an adjusted 99.88% confidence interval. Significant p-values and β estimates are printed in bold. SFA, saturated fatty acids, MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; IGF, insulin-like growth factor.