Table 4.
Human milk fatty acid composition found in the early samples according to the country of residence of the mothers.
| NL | It | ESP | HU | GER | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SFA | |||||
| C8:0 | 0.29 ± 0.12 ab | 0.22 ± 0.07 a | 0.26 ± 0.09 c | 0.25 ± 0.12 | 0.21 ± 0.06 bc |
| C10:0 | 1.38 ± 0.35 | 1.50 ± 0.34 | 1.37 ± 0.29 | 1.27 ± 0.33 | 1.31 ± 0.32 |
| C12:0 | 5.46 ± 1.84 | 6.03 ± 1.73 | 5.23 ± 1.52 | 5.46 ± 1.96 | 5.05 ± 1.46 |
| C13:0 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 ab |
| C14:0 | 6.06 ± 1.92 a | 6.44 ± 1.76 b | 5.03 ± 1.42 abc | 5.74 ± 1.73 | 6.33 ± 1.55 c |
| C15:0 | 0.31 ± 0.08 ab | 0.35 ± 0.09 cd | 0.25 ± 0.09 a cef | 0.30 ± 0.11 eg | 0.45 ± 0.12 bdfg |
| C16:0 | 21.54 ± 2.50 abc | 24.09 ± 2.37 abd | 19.79 ± 2.32 def | 22.64 ± 2.50 eg | 24.25 ± 2.38 cfg |
| C17:0 | 0.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.10 b | 0.30 ± 0.05 c | 0.36 ± 0.06 abc |
| C18:0 | 7.38 ± 1.59 a | 7.03 ± 1.03 b | 6.97 ± 1.15 c | 7.40 ± 1.15 d | 8.13 ± 1.31 abcd |
| C20:0 | 0.30 ± 0.12 a | 0.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.29 ± 0.13 | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 0.27 ± 0.08 |
| C22:0 | 0.12 ± 0.04 abc | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.08 a | 0.09 ± 0.03 b | 0.09 ± 0.03 c |
| C24:0 | 0.12 ± 0.05 abc | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.08 ± 0.03 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 c |
| MUF A | |||||
| C14:1 | 0.25 ± 0.09 abc | 0.24 ± 0.07 de | 0.15 ± 0.07 adfg | 0.20 ± 0.08 bfh | 0.33 ± 0.12 cegh |
| C15:1 | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.09 ± 0.03 bc | 0.06 ± 0.04 bd | 0.07 ± 0.03 ce | 0.10 ± 0.03 ade |
| C16:1n-7 | 2.44 ± 0.78 a | 2.20 ± 0.42 b | 1.77 ± 0.42 abcc | 2.17 ± 0.55 ce | 2.58 ± 0.82 ce |
| C18:1n-9 | 35.18 ± 3.54 ab | 35.58 ± 3.83 cd | 38.91 ± 4.33 acef | 31.54 ± 3.07 bdeg | 34.44 ± 3.35 fg |
| C18:1n-7 | 1.64 ± 0.27 | 1.56 ± 0.19 | 1.64 ± 0.21 | 1.59 ± 0.27 | 1.63 ± 0.28 |
| C20:1n-9 | 0.47 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.12 |
| C24:1 | 0.08 ± 0.03 abc | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.07 ± 0.04 d | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 cd |
| n-6 PUF A | |||||
| C18:2n-6 | 12.81 ± 3.21 abc | 10.46 ± 2.71 ade | 13.95 ± 3.94 dfg | 16.50 ± 4.27 befh | 10.51 ± 2.71 cgh |
| C18:3n-6 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.04 |
| C20:2n-6 | 0.29 ± 0.07 a | 0.24 ± 0.07 bc | 0.33 ± 0.10 bd | 0.37 ± 0.08 a ce | 0.25 ± 0.06 de |
| C20:3n-6 | 0.45 ± 0.09 a | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.44 ± 0.12 b | 0.47 ± 0.14 c | 0.38 ± 0.10 abc |
| C20:4n-6 | 0.51 ± 0.12 a | 0.45 ± 0.09 b | 0.47 ± 0.10 c | 0.56 ± 0.12 bcd | 0.43 ± 0.09 ad |
| C22:4n-6 | 0.11 ± 0.03 a | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 0.11 ± 0.08 c | 0.14 ± 0.04 abcd | 0.09 ± 0.02 d |
| C22:5n-6 | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.05 b | 0.07 ± 0.02 abc | 0.04 ± 0.01 c |
| n-3 PUF A | |||||
| C18:3n-3 | 1.11 ± 0.43 abcd | 0.56 ± 0.28 ae | 0.60 ± 0.28 bf | 0.76 ± 0.34 c | 0.80 ± 0.35 def |
| C20:3n-3 | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 |
| C20:5n-3 | 0.09 ± 0.05 ab | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.08 ± 0.09 c | 0.05 ± 0.04 bcd | 0.08 ± 0.05 d |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.18 ± 0.05 abc | 0.11 ± 0.04 ad | 0.14 ± 0.07 b | 0.13 ± 0.04 ce | 0.16 ± 0.06 de |
| C22:6n-3 | 0.31 ± 0.17 a | 0.23 ± 0.10 b | 0.35 ± 0.20 bc | 0.21 ± 0.10 a cd | 0.30 ± 0.19 d |
| n-9 PUF A | |||||
| C20:3n-9 | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 b |
| Tr a ns F A | |||||
| C16:1t | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.07 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 c | 0.08 ± 0.03 abc |
| C18:1t | 0.25 ± 0.12 a | 0.34 ± 0.36 | 0.29 ± 0.21 b | 0.46 ± 0.43 abc | 0.31 ± 0.15 c |
| C18:2tt | 0.10 ± 0.03 a | 0.10 ± 0.04 b | 0.09 ± 0.10 c | 0.09 ± 0.04 d | 0.15 ± 0.05 abcd |
a–h pairs with common superscripts indicate significant country differences (p < 0.05 after Bonferroni adjustment.