Table 3.
Fatty Acid | BMIZ | WAZ | LAZ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colostrum | Mature Milk | Colostrum | Mature Milk | Colostrum | Mature Milk | |||||||
6mo n = 37 | 6mo n = 39 | 6mo n = 37 | 6mo n = 39 | 6mo n = 38 | 6mo n = 39 | |||||||
18mo n = 38 | 18mo n = 37 | 18mo n = 38 | 18mo n = 38 | 18mo n = 38 | 18mo n = 38 | |||||||
36mo n = 16 | 36mo n = 13 | 36mo n = 16 | 36mo n = 13 | 36mo n = 18 | 36mo n = 14 | |||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
C18:3n3 (ALA) | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.11 | 0.63 | −0.15 | 0.40 | −0.06 | 0.77 | −0.22 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.80 | −0.12 | 0.49 |
18mo | 0.32 | 0.13 | −0.11 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.63 | −0.13 | 0.51 | −0.20 | 0.26 | −0.06 | 0.69 |
36mo | −0.44 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.99 | −0.27 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.95 | −0.17 | 0.63 | −0.86 | 0.22 |
C18:2n6 (LA) | ||||||||||||
6mo | 0.33 | 0.12 | −0.13 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.027 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.60 |
18mo | −0.19 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.17 | 0.26 |
36mo | 0.12 | 0.75 | −0.22 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.96 | −0.136 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.98 | −0.33 | 0.41 |
C20:4n6 (AA) | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.44 | 0.016 | 0.02 | 0.91 | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.86 |
18mo | −0.03 | 0.89 | −0.12 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.77 | −0.13 | 0.52 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.39 |
36mo | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.81 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.86 | 0.20 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.75 |
C20:5n3 (EPA) | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.51 | 0.012 | 0.00 | 0.99 | −0.36 | 0.07 | −0.13 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.31 | −0.18 | 0.29 |
18mo | −0.30 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.98 | −0.13 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 0.66 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.62 |
36mo | −0.74 | 0.155 | −1.08 | 0.30 | −0.58 | 0.34 | −1.13 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.69 | −0.59 | 0.61 |
C22:6n3 (DHA) | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.37 | 0.043 | −0.16 | 0.38 | −0.31 | 0.07 | −0.29 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.99 | −0.23 | 0.17 |
18mo | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.99 | −0.05 | 0.74 | −0.03 | 0.84 |
36mo | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.58 | 0.14 |
n6 PUFA | ||||||||||||
6mo | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.55 |
18mo | 0.16 | 0.41 | −0.06 | 0.776 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.08 | 0.65 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
36mo | 0.20 | 0.587 | −0.19 | 0.64 | 0.15 | 0.72 | −0.11 | 0.79 | 0.07 | 0.84 | −0.31 | 0.44 |
n3 PUFA | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.38 | 0.047 | −0.19 | 0.27 | −0.33 | 0.07 | −0.32 | 0.07 | −0.00 | 0.991 | −0.22 | 0.18 |
18mo | 0.16 | 0.38 | −0.11 | 0.56 | 0.04 | 0.84 | −0.11 | 0.53 | −0.12 | 0.427 | −0.05 | 0.75 |
36mo | −0.20 | 0.60 | 0.17 | 0.78 | 0.05 | 0.90 | 0.21 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.897 | −0.18 | 0.77 |
n6 LC−PUFA | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.38 | 0.047 | −0.06 | 0.77 | −0.17 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.19 | 0.253 | 0.09 | 0.65 |
18mo | −0.05 | 0.77 | −0.27 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.88 | −0.17 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 0.508 | 0.19 | 0.25 |
36mo | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.76 | 0.25 | 0.390 | −0.03 | 0.95 |
n3 LC−PUFA | ||||||||||||
6mo | −0.43 | 0.020 | −0.19 | 0.28 | −0.34 | 0.05 | −0.33 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.866 | −0.24 | 0.16 |
18mo | 0.07 | 0.70 | −0.04 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.78 | −0.02 | 0.90 | −0.01 | 0.955 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
36mo | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.211 | 0.40 | 0.31 |
n6:n3 | ||||||||||||
6mo | 0.42 | 0.031 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 0.011 | 0.45 | 0.013 | 0.11 | 0.519 | 0.30 | 0.08 |
18mo | −0.04 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.369 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
36mo | 0.30 | 0.34 | −0.23 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.88 | −0.18 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.978 | −0.26 | 0.58 |
LC n6:n3 | ||||||||||||
6mo | 0.12 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.373 | 0.24 | 0.13 |
18mo | −0.13 | 0.48 | −0.08 | 0.66 | −0.04 | 0.86 | −0.05 | 0.77 | 0.11 | 0.490 | 0.07 | 0.65 |
36mo | 0.35 | 0.54 | −0.07 | 0.86 | 0.16 | 0.81 | −0.08 | 0.85 | −0.31 | 0.516 | −0.30 | 0.46 |
Associations were evaluated using lineal regression analyses. β and p are corrected values after adjustment for potential confounders: maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal smoking, weight gain during pregnancy, maternal education, sex of the child and type of infant feeding practice. p-values ≤ 0.05 are highlighted in bold and those ≤0.002 are additionally marked by stars. mo: month; LA: Linoleic Acid; AA: Arachidonic Acid; ALA: α-linolenic Acid; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic Acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic Acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; LC-PUFA: Long chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.