Table 4.
Associations between breast milk PUFA levels and infant cognition score at 18 months of age, according to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.
| Fatty Acid | All | Normal-Weight | Overweight | Obesity | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colostrum (n = 75) | Mature Milk (n = 77) | Colostrum (n = 14) | Mature Milk (n = 12) | Colostrum (n = 11) | Mature Milk (n = 15) | Colostrum (n = 12) | Mature Milk (n = 11) | |||||||||
| β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
| C18:3n3 (ALA) | 0.08 | 0.718 | 0.01 | 0.942 | 0.29 | 0.581 | 0.82 | 0.212 | 0.44 | 0.393 | −0.15 | 0.662 | 0.55 | 0.468 | 2.34 | 0.008 |
| C18:2n6 (LA) | 0.20 | 0.339 | 0.12 | 0.527 | 0.84 | <0.001 * | 0.88 | 0.069 | −0.95 | 0.061 | −0.16 | 0.687 | 0.12 | 0.869 | 0.53 | 0.470 |
| C20:4n6 (AA) | 0.03 | 0.889 | −0.20 | 0.333 | −1.23 | 0.136 | −0.56 | 0.270 | 0.32 | 0.594 | −0.28 | 0.544 | 0.48 | 0.416 | −0.87 | 0.405 |
| C20:5n3 (EPA) | 0.31 | 0.133 | −0.11 | 0.580 | 0.00 | 0.996 | 0.59 | 0.428 | −0.07 | 0.932 | −0.18 | 0.635 | 0.80 | 0.233 | −0.29 | 0.658 |
| C22:6n3 (DHA) | −0.16 | 0.396 | −0.27 | 0.161 | −0.73 | 0.124 | −0.19 | 0.720 | 0.88 | 0.045 | 0.33 | 0.362 | −0.03 | 0.954 | −1.16 | 0.104 |
| n6 PUFA | 0.24 | 0.251 | 0.13 | 0.495 | 0.81 | 0.002 * | 0.88 | 0.064 | −0.97 | 0.111 | −0.15 | 0.713 | 0.16 | 0.803 | 0.45 | 0.520 |
| n3 PUFA | −0.01 | 0.966 | −0.12 | 0.541 | −0.23 | 0.687 | 0.37 | 0.512 | 0.70 | 0.057 | −0.04 | 0.922 | 0.13 | 0.829 | −0.78 | 0.489 |
| n6 LC-PUFA | 0.14 | 0.446 | 0.18 | 0.407 | 0.01 | 0.984 | 0.31 | 0.536 | 0.53 | 0.227 | 0.36 | 0.481 | 0.28 | 0.650 | −0.09 | 0.924 |
| n3 LC-PUFA | −0.11 | 0.563 | −0.25 | 0.190 | −0.71 | 0.113 | −0.08 | 0.873 | 1.01 | 0.004 | 0.21 | 0.585 | 0.04 | 0.949 | −0.89 | 0.189 |
| n6:n3 | 0.13 | 0.489 | 0.22 | 0.255 | 0.74 | 0.067 | 0.29 | 0.639 | −0.97 | 0.002 * | −0.10 | 0.805 | 0.01 | 0.985 | 0.57 | 0.426 |
| LC n6:n3 | 0.27 | 0.166 | 0.29 | 0.105 | 0.52 | 0.172 | 0.16 | 0.752 | 0.05 | 0.952 | −0.08 | 0.830 | 0.22 | 0.696 | 0.83 | 0.286 |
Associations were evaluated using lineal regression analyses. β and p are corrected values after adjustment for potential confounders: maternal smoking, weight gain during pregnancy, maternal education, sex of the child and type of infant feeding practice. Cognition performance was analyzed at 1.5 years of age. p-values ≤ 0.05 are highlighted in bold and those ≤0.002 are additionally marked by stars. LA: Linoleic Acid; AA: Arachidonic Acid; ALA: α-linolenic Acid; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic Acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic Acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; LC-PUFA: Long chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.