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. 2019 Sep 19;8(9):424. doi: 10.3390/foods8090424

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid via the shikimic acid pathway. Abbreviations: Aldol: aldol condensation reaction; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; EPSP: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; NAD and NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase and oxidase; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase; PAL: phenylalanine ammonia lyase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia lyase; PLP: pyridoxal phosphate.