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. 2019 Sep 11;20(18):4505. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184505

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Antigen presenting cell (APC) dependent T-cell activation is shown in (A). APC T-cell interaction requires beside antigen presentation to the T-cell receptor (TCR) co-stimulatory molecules i.e., CD80/86 and CD28. Interaction of co-inhibitory molecules HVEM and BTLA inhibits intracellular signaling by limiting PI3K and ZAP70 activation which subsequently dampens T-cell hyperactivity (B). A hallmark of SLE is a disbalanced effector T-cell homeostasis with altered INF-γ, IL-10, and IL-17A expression. Increased expression of co-inhibitory molecules might indicate a counterbalance of this effector cell response (C).