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. 2019 Sep 10;20(18):4470. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184470

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of stress on body weight, testicular structure, and semen parameters. (A) Body weight measured during uCMS exposure (n = 10). (B) Body weight change, serum testosterone levels, absolute testis and epididymis weights, and testicular or epididymal index after uCMS exposure (n = 10). Testis (or epididymis) index = absolute testis (or epididymis) weight/body weight. (C) Histological changes in testicular structure (400× magnification). (D) Sperm concentration and motility were assessed by the CASA System (n = 10). Sperm motility has four grades: (i) rapid forward and linear moving (a-grade), (ii) slowly or sluggishly moving (b-grade), (iii) in situ but not forward moving (c-grade), and (iv) not moving (d-grade). A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in weight change over time, and the rest of the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, and ###p < 0.001 compared with the uCMS group. uCMS = unpredictable chronic mild stress; ANOVA = analysis of variance; CASA = computer-aided sperm analysis.