Table 1.
Effects of Scenedesmus feeding on hepatic, serum, urinary, and fecal metabolomes *.
| Markers of CTL Diet | Markers of 5% Diet | Markers of 20% Diet | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | Adenione 1, adenine 1, choline 1, nicotinamide 1 | Glutathione (GSH) 1, dephospho-CoA 2, adenylosuccinate (S-AMP) 1, AMP 1 | Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) 1, dimethylarginine 1, carnitine 1, acetylcarnitine 1, 3-dehydroxycarnitine 3, glutarylcarnitine 3, glycerylphosphoethanolamine 3, 5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA) 1, malondialdehyde (MDA) 3, heptanal 1, hexanal 1 |
| Serum | Palmitoleic acid 3 | Glutamate 1, suberic acid 1 |
Glycine 1, arginine 1, sebacic acid 1, capric acid 3 |
| Urine | p-Cresol sulfate 2, p-cresol glucuronide 2, glycine 1, phenylalanine 1, pyroglutamate 1,indolelactic-acid 3, 3-oxo-4-pentenoic acid 3 | Riboflavin 1, pyridoxine 1, pantothenic acid 1, glycol-4-methyl pentanoic acid 1, glycol-4-methyl hexanoic acid 1, heptenal 1, sebacic acid 1, capric acid 3 | |
| Feces | Indole-3-carboxylic acid 1, coprocholic acid 3, hydrocinnamic acid 3, eicosatrienoic acid 3, 3-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid 3, 7-ketodeoxycholic acid 3 |
Muricholic acid (MCA) 1, deoxycholic acid (DCA) 1, lithocholic acid (LCA) 1, N-acetylhistamine 3 | α-Linolenic acid 1, linoleic acid 1, oleic acid 1, tauromuricholic acid (TMCA) 1, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) 1, taurocholic acid (TCA) 1, acetic acid1, butyric acid 1, propionic acid 1, valeric acid 1, 3-hydroxy-b,e-caroten-3′-one 3, chlorophyllide b 3 |
* The metabolite markers of each diet were identified through their positive correlations with the diet in the PLS-DA models of LC-MS data. 1 Metabolites were confirmed with authentic standards. 2 Metabolites were confirmed by MSMS fragmentation. 3 Metabolites were discovered based on database search.