Table 6.
Influence of time-on-task (TOT) on math achievement
| Fixed effect | Estimate | SE | z | p | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 106.80 | 6.64 | 16.09 | 0.000 | ||
| Year (linear change) | 1.81 | 1.38 | 1.31 | 0.191 | 1.72 | 0.191 |
| % TOT post-lesson | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.13 | 0.898 | 0.02 | 0.898 |
| Year * % TOT post-lesson | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.38 | 0.704 | 0.14 | 0.704 |
| Age | −0.90 | 0.84 | −1.07 | 0.287 | 1.14 | 0.287 |
| Gender | 3.62 | 0.057 | ||||
| Male | 1.91 | 1.01 | 1.90 | 0.057 | ||
| Female (reference) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Race | 1.24 | 0.290 | ||||
| White (reference) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Black/African American | −4.79 | 2.53 | −1.90 | 0.058 | ||
| Asian | 4.61 | 4.03 | 1.14 | 0.254 | ||
| American Indian /Alaska Native | −4.79 | 5.61 | −0.85 | 0.393 | ||
| Two or more races | −0.85 | 1.64 | −0.52 | 0.603 | ||
| Unknown | −5.57 | 8.10 | −0.69 | 0.492 | ||
| Free/reduced meals | 17.53 | 0.000 | ||||
| Yes | −4.71 | 1.13 | −4.19 | 0.000 | ||
| No (reference) | - | - | - | - | ||
| BMI Percentile | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.614 | 0.26 | 0.614 |
| PACER Laps | 0.25 | 0.04 | 6.87 | 0.000 | 47.22 | 0.000 |
| Random effect | Estimate | SE | z | p | ||
| Student | 113.19 | 7.98 | 14.18 | 0.000 | ||
| Residual | 27.13 | 1.38 | 19.73 | 0.000 | ||