Table 7.
Influence of time-on-task (TOT) on reading achievement
| Fixed effect | Estimate | SE | z | p | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 90.69 | 7.91 | 11.47 | 0.000 | ||
| Year (linear change) | 3.90 | 1.37 | 2.85 | 0.005 | 8.12 | 0.005 |
| % TOT post-lesson | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.883 | 0.02 | 0.883 |
| Year * % TOT post-lesson | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.35 | 0.730 | 0.12 | 0.730 |
| Age | 1.77 | 1.01 | 1.74 | 0.082 | 3.04 | 0.082 |
| Gender | 0.38 | 0.539 | ||||
| Male | −0.74 | 1.20 | −0.61 | 0.539 | ||
| Female (reference) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Race | 0.36 | 0.874 | ||||
| White (reference) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Black/African American | −3.07 | 3.02 | −1.02 | 0.310 | ||
| Asian | 1.63 | 4.82 | 0.34 | 0.735 | ||
| American Indian /Alaska Native | −1.02 | 6.73 | −0.15 | 0.880 | ||
| Two or more races | −1.74 | 1.97 | −0.88 | 0.377 | ||
| Unknown | −0.20 | 9.65 | −0.02 | 0.983 | ||
| Free/reduced meals | 11.75 | 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | −4.62 | 1.35 | −3.43 | 0.001 | ||
| No (reference) | - | - | - | - | ||
| BMI Percentile | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.19 | 0.850 | 0.04 | 0.850 |
| PACER Laps | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.61 | 0.540 | 0.38 | 0.540 |
| Random effect | Estimate | SE | z | p | ||
| Student | 167.98 | 11.34 | 14.81 | 0.000 | ||
| Residual | 26.03 | 1.32 | 19.67 | 0.000 | ||