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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019 Jul 17;63(17):e1900140. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201900140

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study subjects

Non-RW consumers
(≤ 1 glass/day)
(n =924)
RW consumers
(> 1 glass/day)
(n = 233)
Total subjects
(N = 1,157)
Characteristic
Median red wine consumption (mL/d) 0 250 0
Male sex, N (%) 245 (26.5) 191 (82.0)c 436 (37.7)
Age (years) 68.13 ± 5.97 65.95 ± 6.04a 67.69 ± 6.04
Body mass index (kg/m2) 30.15 ± 3.73 29.29 ± 3.14a 29.98 ± 3.63
Waist circumference (cm) 99.75 ± 10.51 102.34 ± 9.77a 100.27 ± 10.41
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 213.6 ± 36.21 206.5 ± 36.50a 212.15 ± 36.36
HDL-C (mg/dL) 52.1 ± 11.52 52.18 ± 10.80 52.11 ± 11.38
Triglycerides (mg/dL)¥ 120.9 [92.3, 161.99] 111.24 [86.3, 153.69]b 118.89 [91.19, 159.95]
Smoking, N (%)
Yes 100 (10.8) 82 (35.2)c 182 (15.7)
Type 2 Diabetes, N (%) 278 (30.1) 56 (24.0) 334 (28.9)
Hypercholesterolemia, N (%) 697 (75.4) 171 (73.4) 868 (75.0)
Hypertension, N (%) 818 (88.5) 204 (87.6) 1022 (88.3)
Family history of CVD, N (%) 247 (26.7) 46 (19.7) 293 (25.3)
Cardiac medication, N (%) 90 (10.0) 23 (9.9) 113 (10.1)
Hypotensive medication, N (%) 716 (77.7) 168 (72.1) 884 (76.6)
Cholesterol lowering medication, N (%) 432 (46.8) 114 (48.9) 546 (47.3)
Insulin medication, N (%) 49 (5.3) 5 (2.1) 54 (4.7)
Oral antidiabetics, N (%) 192 (20.8) 46 (19.7) 238 (20.6)
Cases of CVD incidence (%)¤ 122 (13.2) 27 (11.6) 149 (12.9)
Cases of T2D incidence (%)§ 128 (13.9) 44 (18.9) 172 (14.9)
Energy intake (Kcal/d)¥ 2105.8 [1793.7, 2469.2] 2578.3 [2256.4, 2867.6]b 2192.4 [1853.7, 2593.9]
Carbohydrates (g/d)¥ 226.0 [182.3, 274.1] 248.4 [202.3, 299.4]b 228.7 [184.9, 277.6]
Protein (g/d)¥ 88.49 [75.85, 101.8] 94.9 [83.5, 110.7]b 89.4 [77.2, 104.4]
Fat (g/d)¥ 91.9 [73.5, 110.5] 103.9 [88.8, 122.7]b 95.4 [75.7, 113.2]
SFA (g/d)¥ 23.1 [18.3, 28.7] 26.5 [22.0, 32.7]b 23.9 [18.8, 29.5]
MUFA (g/d)¥ 46.8 [34.1, 56.5] 52.6 [43.3, 61.0]b 47.9 [35.7, 57.5]
PUFA (g/d)¥ 13.5 [10.4, 17.9] 16.4 [13.2, 21.2]b 14.0 [10.9, 18.6]
Total alcohol (g/d)¥ 0 [0, 0.7] 30.9 [26.7, 47.8]b 0 [0, 10.2]
Total alcohol (mL/d)¥ 0 [0, 21.6] 300 [255.2, 521.4]b 0 [0, 141.4]
Non-RW alcohol (mL/d)¥ 0 [0, 21.6] 35.7 [6.7, 144.8]b 0 [0, 29.1]
Fruit intake (g/d)¥ 340.7 [225.4, 481.6] 301.0 [190.7, 449.7]b 328.8 [217.6, 474.3]
Vegetable intake (g/d)¥ 306.58 [225, 396.3] 312.17 [234.3, 412] 307 [226.8, 398.7]
Olive oil intake (mL/d)¥ 35 [25, 50] 50 [25, 50] 35 [25, 50]
Nut intake (g/d)¥ 8.57 [2, 17.1] 4.29 [0, 12.9]b 6.29 [2, 17.1]
Caffeinated coffee intake (mL/d)¥ 0 [0, 50] 0 [0, 50] 0 [0, 50]
Decaffeinated coffee intake (mL/d)¥ 21.43 [0, 50] 0 [0, 50] 7.14 [0, 50]
Red meat intake (g/d)¥ 51.43 [31.4, 74.3] 74.29 [42.9, 85.7]b 52.9 [31.4, 84.3]
¥

Data shows mean ± SD or number (%).

a

median [IQR];

b

P-value <0.05 (Student’s t-test between red wine categories);

c

P-value <0.05 (Mann-Whitney U-test between red wine categories);

P-value <0.05 (X2 between red wine categories); CVD, cardiovascular disease; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; RW, red wine; SFA, saturated fatty acids; T2D, type 2 diabetes. One glass is defined as 100 mL of red wine (10g of pure alcohol). As these baseline cross-sectional analyses include data from two nested case-cohort studies, we have added the following information:

¤

incident CVD cases in the case-cohort study of CVD;

§

incident T2D cases in the case-cohort study of T2D.