Table 1.
Characteristics of the study subjects
| Non-RW consumers (≤ 1 glass/day) (n =924) |
RW consumers (> 1 glass/day) (n = 233) |
Total subjects (N = 1,157) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | |||
| Median red wine consumption (mL/d) | 0 | 250 | 0 |
| Male sex, N (%) | 245 (26.5) | 191 (82.0)c | 436 (37.7) |
| Age (years) | 68.13 ± 5.97 | 65.95 ± 6.04a | 67.69 ± 6.04 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.15 ± 3.73 | 29.29 ± 3.14a | 29.98 ± 3.63 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99.75 ± 10.51 | 102.34 ± 9.77a | 100.27 ± 10.41 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 213.6 ± 36.21 | 206.5 ± 36.50a | 212.15 ± 36.36 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.1 ± 11.52 | 52.18 ± 10.80 | 52.11 ± 11.38 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)¥ | 120.9 [92.3, 161.99] | 111.24 [86.3, 153.69]b | 118.89 [91.19, 159.95] |
| Smoking, N (%) | |||
| Yes | 100 (10.8) | 82 (35.2)c | 182 (15.7) |
| Type 2 Diabetes, N (%) | 278 (30.1) | 56 (24.0) | 334 (28.9) |
| Hypercholesterolemia, N (%) | 697 (75.4) | 171 (73.4) | 868 (75.0) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 818 (88.5) | 204 (87.6) | 1022 (88.3) |
| Family history of CVD, N (%) | 247 (26.7) | 46 (19.7) | 293 (25.3) |
| Cardiac medication, N (%) | 90 (10.0) | 23 (9.9) | 113 (10.1) |
| Hypotensive medication, N (%) | 716 (77.7) | 168 (72.1) | 884 (76.6) |
| Cholesterol lowering medication, N (%) | 432 (46.8) | 114 (48.9) | 546 (47.3) |
| Insulin medication, N (%) | 49 (5.3) | 5 (2.1) | 54 (4.7) |
| Oral antidiabetics, N (%) | 192 (20.8) | 46 (19.7) | 238 (20.6) |
| Cases of CVD incidence (%)¤ | 122 (13.2) | 27 (11.6) | 149 (12.9) |
| Cases of T2D incidence (%)§ | 128 (13.9) | 44 (18.9) | 172 (14.9) |
| Energy intake (Kcal/d)¥ | 2105.8 [1793.7, 2469.2] | 2578.3 [2256.4, 2867.6]b | 2192.4 [1853.7, 2593.9] |
| Carbohydrates (g/d)¥ | 226.0 [182.3, 274.1] | 248.4 [202.3, 299.4]b | 228.7 [184.9, 277.6] |
| Protein (g/d)¥ | 88.49 [75.85, 101.8] | 94.9 [83.5, 110.7]b | 89.4 [77.2, 104.4] |
| Fat (g/d)¥ | 91.9 [73.5, 110.5] | 103.9 [88.8, 122.7]b | 95.4 [75.7, 113.2] |
| SFA (g/d)¥ | 23.1 [18.3, 28.7] | 26.5 [22.0, 32.7]b | 23.9 [18.8, 29.5] |
| MUFA (g/d)¥ | 46.8 [34.1, 56.5] | 52.6 [43.3, 61.0]b | 47.9 [35.7, 57.5] |
| PUFA (g/d)¥ | 13.5 [10.4, 17.9] | 16.4 [13.2, 21.2]b | 14.0 [10.9, 18.6] |
| Total alcohol (g/d)¥ | 0 [0, 0.7] | 30.9 [26.7, 47.8]b | 0 [0, 10.2] |
| Total alcohol (mL/d)¥ | 0 [0, 21.6] | 300 [255.2, 521.4]b | 0 [0, 141.4] |
| Non-RW alcohol (mL/d)¥ | 0 [0, 21.6] | 35.7 [6.7, 144.8]b | 0 [0, 29.1] |
| Fruit intake (g/d)¥ | 340.7 [225.4, 481.6] | 301.0 [190.7, 449.7]b | 328.8 [217.6, 474.3] |
| Vegetable intake (g/d)¥ | 306.58 [225, 396.3] | 312.17 [234.3, 412] | 307 [226.8, 398.7] |
| Olive oil intake (mL/d)¥ | 35 [25, 50] | 50 [25, 50] | 35 [25, 50] |
| Nut intake (g/d)¥ | 8.57 [2, 17.1] | 4.29 [0, 12.9]b | 6.29 [2, 17.1] |
| Caffeinated coffee intake (mL/d)¥ | 0 [0, 50] | 0 [0, 50] | 0 [0, 50] |
| Decaffeinated coffee intake (mL/d)¥ | 21.43 [0, 50] | 0 [0, 50] | 7.14 [0, 50] |
| Red meat intake (g/d)¥ | 51.43 [31.4, 74.3] | 74.29 [42.9, 85.7]b | 52.9 [31.4, 84.3] |
¥
Data shows mean ± SD or number (%).
a
median [IQR];
b
P-value <0.05 (Student’s t-test between red wine categories);
c
P-value <0.05 (Mann-Whitney U-test between red wine categories);
P-value <0.05 (X2 between red wine categories); CVD, cardiovascular disease; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; RW, red wine; SFA, saturated fatty acids; T2D, type 2 diabetes. One glass is defined as 100 mL of red wine (10g of pure alcohol). As these baseline cross-sectional analyses include data from two nested case-cohort studies, we have added the following information:
¤
incident CVD cases in the case-cohort study of CVD;
§
incident T2D cases in the case-cohort study of T2D.