Table 2.
Results for the logistic regression analysis of predictors of good or very good response to ECT for bipolar depression
| n (%) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P‐value | OR (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 421 (33.7) | Reference | |||
| Female | 830 (66.3) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | 0.703 | 1.22 (0.89–1.67) | 0.221 |
| Age, years | |||||
| 16–30 | 165 (13.2) | Reference | |||
| 31–40 | 174 (13.9) | 2.30 (1.37–3.86) | 0.002 | 2.06 (1.18–3.60) | 0.011 |
| 41–50 | 227 (18.1) | 1.67 (1.06–2.64) | 0.027 | 1.55 (0.95–2.55) | 0.082 |
| 51–60 | 240 (19.2) | 1.66 (1.06–2.61) | 0.026 | 1.48 (0.90–2.42) | 0.125 |
| 61–70 | 245 (19.6) | 2.36 (1.47–3.78) | 0.000 | 1.96 (1.15–3.35) | 0.014 |
| 71–80 | 150 (12.0) | 3.17 (1.77–5.68) | 0.000 | 2.19 (1.15–4.17) | 0.018 |
| 81–95 | 50 (4.0) | 2.83 (1.19–6.71) | 0.018 | 2.33 (0.91–5.94) | 0.077 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 246 (19.7) | Reference | |||
| High school | 593 (47.4) | 1.07 (0.75–1.54) | 0.711 | 1.16 (0.78–1.73) | 0.452 |
| Some college < 3 years | 176 (14.1) | 0.88 (0.55–1.39) | 0.574 | 0.94 (0.57–1.55) | 0.815 |
| College>=3 yrs | 236 (18.9) | 1.75 (1.08–2.83) | 0.022 | 1.70 (1.02–2.84) | 0.042 |
| Cohabiting | |||||
| No | 639 (51.1) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 612 (48.9) | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) | 0.081 | 0.80 (0.59–1.09) | 0.153 |
| Severity of depression† | |||||
| Mild or moderate | 387 (30.9) | Reference | |||
| Severe without psychotic symptoms | 642 (51.3) | 1.09 (0.80–1.48) | 0.593 | 1.07 (0.77–1.47) | 0.700 |
| Severe with psychotic symptoms | 222 (17.7) | 1.73 (1.11–2.72) | 0.016 | 1.43 (0.89–2.29) | 0.137 |
| Substance abuse disorder | |||||
| No | 932 (74.5) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 319 (25.5) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) | 0.017 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.781 |
| Anxiety disorder | |||||
| No | 938 (75.0) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 313 (25.0) | 0.56 (0.418–0.762) | 0.000 | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.259 |
| Personality disorder | |||||
| No | 1064 (85.1) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 187 (14.9) | 0.41 (0.29–0.58) | 0.000 | 0.59 (0.40–0.87) | 0.008 |
| OCD | |||||
| No | 1218 (97.4) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 33 (2.6) | 0.28 (0.14–0.57) | 0.000 | 0.35 (0.16–0.76) | 0.008 |
| ADHD | |||||
| No | 1183 (94.6) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 68 (5.4) | 0.57 (0.33–0.98) | 0.044 | 0.84 (0.41–1.72) | 0.631 |
| Autism spectrum disorder | |||||
| No | 1229 (98.2) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 22 (1.8) | 0.43 (0.18–1.02) | 0.056 | 0.93 (0.34–2.51) | 0.882 |
| Admission for mania prior to index ECT‡ | |||||
| No | 888 (71.0) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 363 (29.0) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 0.995 | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | 0.937 |
| ECT treatment prior to index ECT | |||||
| Yes | 537 (42.9) | Reference | 0.942 | 1.20 (0.77–1.64) | 0.561 |
| No | 329 (26.3) | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | |||
| Missing | 385 (30.8) | ||||
| Psychopharmacotherapy prior to index admission | |||||
| Lithium | |||||
| No | 778 (62.2) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 473 (37.8) | 1.084 (0.813–1.447) | 0.582 | 1.20 (0.88–1.63) | 0.264 |
| Lamotrigine | |||||
| No | 903 (72.2) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 348 (27.8) | 0.636 (0.473–0.855) | 0.003 | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.027 |
| Antipsychotics | |||||
| No | 710 (56.8) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 541 (43.2) | 0.697 (0.528–0.922) | 0.011 | 0.75 (0.56–1.02) | 0.069 |
| Valproate | |||||
| No | 1081 (86.4) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 170 (13.6) | 0.838 (0.566–1.238) | 0.374 | 0.91 (0.59–1.38) | 0.640 |
| Benzodiazepines | |||||
| No | 647 (51.7) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 604 (48.3) | 0.692 (0.523–0.915) | 0.010 | 0.80 (0.59–1.09) | 0.158 |
| Antidepressants | |||||
| No | 415 (33.2) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 836 (66.8) | 0.646 (0.473–0.883) | 0.006 | 0.72 (0.51–1.01) | 0.059 |
| Anxiolytics | |||||
| No | 845 (67.5) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 406 (32.5) | 0.724 (0.542–0.966) | 0.028 | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) | 0.742 |
| Quetiapine | |||||
| No | 925 (73.9) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 326 (26.1) | 0.770 (0.567–1.046) | 0.094 | 0.87 (0.62–1.20) | 0.400 |
| Central stimulants | |||||
| No | 1208 (96.6) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 43 (3.4) | 0.557 (0.286–1.085) | 0.085 | 1.12 (0.47–2.65) | 0.796 |
Bold values represent P‐values <0.05.
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI, confidence interval; ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; OCD, obsessive‐compulsive disorder; OR, odds ratio.
†According to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems – Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) diagnoses F31.3–F31.5.
‡Diagnoses F30.1, F30.2, F30.9, F31.1, F31.2 according to ICD‐10.