Figure 4.

Results from the ABM. Figure 4a demonstrates the agreement between the ABM and analytical model; Figure 4b presents the critical relationship estimated from the ABM relating base R₀ to the increase in R₀ following intensification (see Figure 2), the shape of which critically determines our main result (see Figure 5). Technical description: (a) shows agreement between the stochastic simulations (ABM) and analytical model (Figure 3c); using the following equivalent model parameterization to that for Figure 3c: Circular configuration, n = 9, M = 58,200, Φ = 1,600, 5 × 10^‐6 ≤ β ≤ 1 × 10^‐4, ν = 0.1, ρ = 0.1 (see S.I. Section 2). (b) Examines how an extreme example of intensification (see Figure 2) alters R₀ across a range of different “base R₀” values determined by pathogen phenotype using the ABM. Grey points represent individual simulation comparisons, black points represent mean values. Base R₀ values are unevenly distributed across the range due to R₀ being an emergent property of the system in both plot panels. We derive a nonlinear relationship between “base R₀” and “additional R₀” for panel b, corresponding to Figure 2 (see Figure 2 for panel b parameterization, otherwise as listed for a, plotted as a dashed red line. Variation within clusters is a result of the stochastic simulations