Table 4.
Overview of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and study outcomes
| Author + Year | Compound | Patients | Peptide Dose | Activity Dose | Results | Adverse Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallium‐68 | ||||||
| Eriksson et al. 2014 | [68Ga]Ga‐DO3A‐VS‐Cys40‐Exendin‐4 | 1 | 0.17 μg/kg | 0.88 MBq/kg | Detection of liver and lymph node metastases | – |
| Antwi et al. 2015 | [Nle14, Lys40(Ahx‐DOTA‐[68Ga]Ga)NH2]exendin‐4] | 5 | 12.0‐15.3 μg | 79.8 ± 3.9 MBq (76‐97 MBq) | In four out of 5 patients that had surgery, an insulinoma was found in four of four patients |
‐ Prophylactic glucose infusion was given before the injection ‐ Nausea (n = 1) |
| Luo et al. 2015 | [68Ga]Ga‐NOTA‐exendin‐4 | 1 | – | – | Detection of insulinoma in the pancreas tail (SUVmax of 20.7) | – |
| Cuthbertson et al. 2015 | [68Ga]Ga‐NOTA‐exendin‐4 | 1 | – | – | Detection of insulinoma | – |
| Luo et al. 2016 | [68Ga]Ga‐NOTA‐exendin‐4 | 1 | – | 51.8 MBq | Detection of insulinoma in the pancreas tail (SUVmean of 20.0 and SUVmax of 52.9) | – |
| Luo et al. 2016 | [68Ga]Ga‐NOTA‐MAL‐Cys40‐exendin‐4 | 52 | 7‐25 μg | 18.5‐185 MBq | In 43 of 52 patients, surgery was performed. In 42 patients, an insulinoma was found (sensitivity of 97.7%) |
‐ No hypoglycemia was observed because of continuous infusion of glucose ‐ Nausea (n = 2) ‐ Vomiting (n = 2) |
| Luo et al. 2017 | [68Ga]Ga‐exendin‐4 | 1 | – | – | Detection of a lesion that was ablated with ethanol ablation (SUVmean of 5.7 and SUVmax of 10.8) | – |
| Bongetti et al. 2018 | [68Ga]Ga‐DOTA‐exendin‐4 | 1 | – | – | The 68Ga‐DOTA‐exendin‐4 was suggestive of nesidioblastosis; however, an insulinoma as identified with SACST and EUS was missed, noting that the insulinoma was negative for GLP‐1R | – |
| Parihar et al. 2018 | [68Ga]Ga‐DOTA‐exendin‐4 | 1 | – | – | Detection of insulinoma (SUVmax of 21) | – |
| Antwi et al. 2018 | [68Ga]Ga‐DOTA‐exendin‐4 | 52 | 11.6‐23.8 μg | 82.4 ± 14.9 MBq (43‐106 MBq) | Sensitivity 94.6% (88.6‐98.0) |
‐ No hypoglycemia due to continuous infusion of glucose ‐ Nausea (n = 14) and vomiting (n = 1) |