Table 1.
Observed Response | dACM | HSAM |
---|---|---|
Composition | Significantly higher levels of bFGF and IGF‐I per cm2 compared with HSAM | Contains growth factors relevant to tendon repair |
Release | Similar levels of growth factors released in vitro | |
Proliferation | Increases of up to 3.5‐fold | Increases of up to 2.2‐fold |
Migration (Boyden chamber) | Increases of up to 2.27‐fold | Increases of up to 6.02‐fold |
Migration (scratch assay) | No changes observed compared with control | Significant increase in closure compared with control |
ECM expression | Significant increases in collagen III, tenascin C, and VEGF expression | Significant decreases in collagen I, tenascin C, and VEGF expression |
ECM production | Significant increases to soluble collagen production | No significant increases compared with controls |
Response to TNF‐α and IL‐1β | Overall decreased TGF‐β1 production | Overall decreased TGF‐β1 production |
Overall increased MMP‐1 production | Overall decreased MMP‐1 production | |
Tenocyte interactions | Cell attachment, without infiltration | Cell attachment with cell infiltration and remodeling |
Abbreviations: bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; dACM, dehydrated amnion/chorion membrane; ECM, extracellular matrix; HSAM, hypothermically stored amniotic membrane; IGF‐I, insulin‐like growth factor I; IL‐1β, interleukin 1 beta; MMP‐1, matrix metalloprotease‐1; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.