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Pathological consequences of environmental stress and elevated stress hormones on the brain. (a) Neural and synaptic attrition. (b) Glucocorticoids (GCs) are released as a result of stress and their actions are mediated by binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), GRs act as transcription factors causing changes in gene expression. (c) Mitochondrial damage and increase of ROS production. (d) Activated neuroinflammatory response. ROS: Reactive oxygen species.
