Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in patients with bleeding and non‐bleeding hepatocellular adenomas
| Overall (n = 59) | Bleeding (n = 23) | Non‐bleeding (n = 36) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) * | 33·5 (26·1–41·2) | 34·4 (25·0–42·7) | 32·7 (26·7–39·9) |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) * | 29·8 (25·3–37·9) | 30·1 (26·3–32·0) | 28·7 (24·3–39·5) |
| Tumour size at diagnosis (mm) * | 84 (59–100) | 85 (58–100) | 83 (57–106) |
| Sex ratio (F : M) | 57 : 2 | 23 : 0 | 34 : 2 |
| Oral contraceptive | |||
| Stopped at time of diagnosis | 43 (73) | 18 (78) | 25 (69) |
| Stopped before diagnosis | 10 (17) | 4 (17) | 6 (17) |
| Unknown | 4 (7) | 1 (4) | 3 (8) |
| Anabolic steroids | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Never used | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Co‐morbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus type I | 3 (5) | 2 (9) | 1 (3) |
| Diabetes mellitus type II | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) |
| MODY 3 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Glycogen storage disease | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Insulin resistance and PCOS | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| None | 51 (86) | 20 (87) | 31 (86) |
| Viral status | |||
| Hepatitis B‐positive† | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) |
| Hepatitis C‐positive | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Tumour pattern | |||
| Solitary | 24 (41) | 8 (35) | 16 (44) |
| Multiple | 35 (59) | 15 (65) | 20 (56) |
| Tumour location | |||
| Both | 30 (51) | 14 (61) | 16 (44) |
| Right | 19 (32) | 6 (26) | 13 (36) |
| Left | 9 (15) | 2 (9) | 7 (19) |
| Unknown | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Imaging | |||
| CE‐MRI | 50 (85) | 18 (78) | 32 (89) |
| CE‐CT | 4 (7) | 3 (13) | 1 (3) |
| Ultrasound imaging and CE‐CT | 4 (7) | 1 (4) | 3 (8) |
| Ultrasound imaging | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Molecular subtype ‡ | |||
| HCA – subtype not specified | 33 (56) | 18 (78) | 15 (42) |
| I‐HCA | 15 (25) | 4 (17) | 11 (31) |
| H‐HCA | 5 (8) | 0 (0) | 5 (14) |
| β‐IHCA | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) |
| U‐HCA | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Uncertain diagnosis | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| I‐HCA + HCC | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Bleeding | |||
| No bleeding | 28 (47) | 0 (0) | 28 (78) |
| Clinical bleeding | 20 (34) | 20 (87) | 0 (0) |
| Subclinical bleeding | 6 (10) | 1 (4) | 5 (14) |
| Bleeding after biopsy | 5 (8) | 2 (9) | 3 (8) |
| Indication for TAE § | |||
| Size, elective | 31 (53) | 0 (0) | 31 (86) |
| Haemorrhage, acute | 19 (32) | 19 (83) | 0 (0) |
| Haemorrhage, elective | 4 (7) | 4 (17) | 0 (0) |
| Symptoms | 4 (7) | 0 (0) | 4 (11) |
| Poor surgical candidate | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Management | |||
| TAE | 36 (61) | 14 (61) | 22 (61) |
| TAE then surgery | 19 (32) | 6 (26) | 13 (36) |
| TAE and RFA | 3 (5) | 2 (9) | 1 (3) |
| TAE and RFA then surgery | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Embolic agent | |||
| PVA | 22 (37) | 9 (39) | 13 (36) |
| Microspheres | 16 (27) | 2 (9) | 14 (39) |
| (Platinum) coils | 6 (10) | 5 (22) | 1 (3) |
| Gelatine sponge/foam | 3 (5) | 2 (9) | 1 (3) |
| Foam + PVA | 3 (5) | 2 (9) | 1 (3) |
| Coils + microspheres | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Unknown | 8 (14) | 2 (9) | 6 (17) |
Values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise;
values are median (i.q.r.).
One hepatitis B‐positive patient had suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Based on histopathological analysis, and, if unavailable, on MRI.
Thirty‐five of 36 patients in the non‐bleeding group had tumours larger than 5 cm. MODY, maturity‐onset diabetes of the young; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; CE, contrast‐enhanced; HCA, hepatocellular adenoma; I‐HCA, inflammatory HCA; H‐HCA, steatotic HCA; β‐IHCA, combined inflammatory and β‐catenin‐activated inflammatory HCA; U‐HCA, unclassified HCA; TAE, transarterial embolization; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol.