Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample and other singleton participants of Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) attending clinical assessment at 17 years of age
| Characteristic | Study sample (n = 1964) | Other ALSPAC participants (n = 2806) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | n | Value | n | |
| Maternal/pregnancy | ||||
| Female offspring | 1080 (55.0) | 1964 | 1596 (56.9) | 2806 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.42 ± 0.52 | 1940 | 3.44 ± 0.53 | 2777 |
| Birth‐weight Z‐score | 0.12 ± 1.00 | 1940 | 0.15 ± 1.09 | 2776 |
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 29.4 ± 4.6 | 1964 | 29.0 ± 4.7 | 2806 |
| Maternal height (m) | 1.64 ± 0.07 | 1868 | 1.64 ± 0.07 | 2661 |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 (20.5–24.4) | 1776 | 22.0 (20.5–24.2) | 2554 |
| First pregnancy | 955 (50.0) | 1911 | 1268 (46.9) | 2701 |
| Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) | 85 (4.3) | 1964 | 126 (4.5) | 2806 |
| Diabetes/glycosuria during pregnancy | 68 (3.6) | 1890 | 121 (4.5) | 2693 |
| Maternal HDP or hypertension | 1870 | 2676 | ||
| No HDP or hypertension | 1474 (78.8) | 2139 (79.9) | ||
| Gestational hypertension | 294 (15.7) | 379 (14.2) | ||
| Pre‐eclampsia | 49 (2.6) | 58 (2.2) | ||
| Essential hypertension | 53 (2.8) | 100 (3.7) | ||
| Maternal smoking status during pregnancy | 1928 | 2746 | ||
| Never smoked | 1527 (79.2) | 2068 (75.3) | ||
| Stopped prior to second trimester | 173 (9.0) | 313 (11.4) | ||
| Smoked during second trimester | 228 (11.8) | 365 (13.3) | ||
| Maternal educational level | 1906 | 2698 | ||
| Compulsory/vocational | 375 (19.7) | 521 (19.3) | ||
| Compulsory/higher achievement | 637 (33.4) | 934 (34.6) | ||
| Secondary/academic preparation | 508 (26.7) | 769 (28.5) | ||
| Tertiary/degree | 386 (20.3) | 474 (17.6) | ||
| 17‐year follow‐up | ||||
| Offspring age (years) | 17.7 ± 0.3 | 1964 | 17.9 ± 0.5 | 2806 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (20.1–24.7) | 1929 | 21.9 (20.1–24.5) | 2703 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 64 ± 10 | 1905 | 65 ± 10 | 2392 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 ± 11 | 1905 | 118 ± 11 | 2392 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 64 ± 6 | 1905 | 64 ± 7 | 2392 |
| Cardiac structure | ||||
| LVMI (g/m2.7) | 28.9 ± 6.2 | 1929 | — | — |
| LADI (cm/m) | 1.86 ± 0.23 | 1730 | — | — |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 1963 | — | — |
| Systolic function | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 66.8 ± 6.4 | 1964 | — | — |
| Average s′ (cm/s) | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 1881 | — | — |
| Diastolic function | ||||
| E/A ratio | 1.93 ± 0.40 | 1895 | — | — |
| E/e′ ratio | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 1878 | — | — |
Data are given as n (%), mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; E/A, early/late mitral inflow velocity; E/e′, early mitral inflow velocity/mitral annular early diastolic velocity; HDP, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; LADI, left atrial diameter indexed to height in m; LVMI, left ventricular mass indexed to height in m2.7; s′, left ventricular wall velocity measured with tissue Doppler.