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. 2019 Oct 1;14(10):e0221537. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221537

Table 2. Description of demographic and management variables used in the GEE analysis.

Variable Name Description
Sex Female or male
Age Age of elephant (years)
Work Type Type of work: observation, riding with a saddle, riding bareback, no riding, or show
Work Hour Duration of work when elephants interacted with tourists per day (h)
Walk Distance Day Walking distance during working period per day (m)
Walk Time Day Walking time during working period per day (min)
Chain Hour Duration of chaining per day (h)
Rest Day Rest areas during the day:
Shed: Roofed structure used to keep several elephants in the same place, often restrained by ropes or chains
Open area: Elephants were free to walk, swim or forage on walking trails, grass fields, pastures, large dirt areas, or rivers or ponds
Tree: Elephants tied under trees inside the camps for shade
Rest Night Rest areas during the night:
Shed: Same as during the day
Open area: Unsheltered areas where elephants could be restrained apart from each other
Enclosure: Roofed structures built of metal or wood to house one or two elephants. Elephants were allowed free movement or tied to an internal post
Forest: Local forest land where elephants could be restrained
Tree: Same as during the day
Free foraging Ability to forage in the forest or grass field everyday: Yes or No
Ankus Using an ankus to control an elephant: Yes or No