Table 3. The presence of malaria at each visit is associated with changes in angiogenic, metabolic, and inflammatory mediators.
| Analyte by visit | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 1 (13 to 23 wks) | Malaria negative (n = 813) | Malaria positive (n = 643) | p value# |
| CHI3L1 (ng/mL) | 16.55 (9.44–32.43) | 19.68 (11.17–38.71) | 0.001 |
| CRP (ug/mL)* | 2.45 (1.17–5.23) | 5.69 (2.69–13.52) | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 197.64 (78.91–447.62) | 235.24 (111.02–519.35) | 0.003 |
| IL-18 BP (ng/mL) | 13.41 (9.53–18.26) | 17.67 (12.36–25.76) | <0.001 |
| sTNFRII (ng/mL) | 2.01 (1.4–2.91) | 3.78 (2.22–6.28) | <0.001 |
| PlGF (pg/mL) | 50.05 (29.64–83.9) | 45.22 (23.43–81.69) | 0.010 |
| sEng (ng/mL) | 2.33 (1.73–2.96) | 2.78 (2.02–4.14) | <0.001 |
| sFlt-1 (ng/mL) | 2.00 (1.31–3.02) | 2.15 (1.35–3.16) | 0.123 |
| Angptl3 (ng/mL) | 15.45 (9.14–24.65) | 16.93 (10.4–26.71) | 0.017 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 7.56 (4.42–12.67) | 6.53 (3.72–10.89) | 0.001 |
| Visit 2 (28 to 33 wks) | Malaria negative (n = 863) | Malaria positive (n = 188) | p value |
| CHI3L1 (ng/mL) | 17.33 (10.85–32.12) | 17.67 (9.6–35.13) | 0.837 |
| CRP (ug/mL)* | 2.22 (0.9–4.58) | 4.52 (1.6–11.3) | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 222.16 (93.4–464.42) | 212.94 (112.54–515.98) | 0.417 |
| IL-18 BP (ng/mL) | 15.23 (11.93–19.6) | 20.97 (15.58–27.76) | <0.001 |
| sTNFRII (ng/mL) | 2.40 (1.85–3.16) | 2.88 (1.85–5.24) | <0.001 |
| PlGF (pg/mL) | 151.67 (80.02–266.04) | 131.3 (55.89–247.82) | 0.021 |
| sEng (ng/mL) | 2.72 (2.08–3.73) | 2.93 (2.2–4.31) | 0.005 |
| sFlt-1 (ng/mL) | 2.90 (2.01–4.07) | 2.94 (2.23–4.07) | 0.471 |
| Angptl3 (ng/mL) | 20.26 (11.86–31.06) | 20.81 (11.89–30.54) | 0.868 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 6.72 (3.68–11.24) | 5.27 (3.38–9.32) | 0.004 |
| Visit 3 (34 to 36 wks) | Malaria negative (n = 627) | Malaria positive (n = 157) | p value |
| CHI3L1 (ng/mL) | 19.49 (11.45–34.88) | 21.28 (12.19–40.21) | 0.161 |
| CRP (ug/mL)* | 2.48 (1.17–4.73) | 4.86 (2.07–14.85) | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 244.96 (111.09–521.38) | 278.93 (152.87–480.8) | 0.164 |
| IL-18 BP (ng/mL) | 15.41 (11.71–19.88) | 18.91 (14.27–26.07) | <0.001 |
| sTNFRII (ng/mL) | 2.45 (1.88–3.09) | 3.18 (2.22–5.46) | <0.001 |
| PlGF (pg/mL) | 82.08 (37.21–171.34) | 56.55 (21.31–123.54) | <0.001 |
| sEng (ng/mL) | 3.93 (2.77–5.96) | 4.63 (3.07–7.1) | 0.004 |
| sFlt-1 (ng/mL) | 4.05 (2.79–5.46) | 3.92 (3.03–5.16) | 0.908 |
| Angptl3 (ng/mL) | 24.01 (15.32–34.58) | 23.63 (14.28–32.81) | 0.494 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 7.00 (3.87–11.87) | 6.56 (3.86–9.81) | 0.067 |
#Mann-Whitney analysis, adjusted p-value for multiple comparisons, significant if p ≤ 0.005 (bolded p-values).
*CRP sample numbers: Visit 1 (782;606), Visit 2 (834; 171), Visit 3 (603;147).
Abbreviations: Angptl3, Angiopoietin-like 3; CHI3L1, Chitinase 3-like protein-1; CRP, C-Reactive Protein; IL-18 BP, Interleukin 18 Binding Protein; IQR, interquartile range; P1GF, placental growth factor; sFlt-1, soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1; sICAM-1, soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; sEng, soluble Endoglin; sTNFRII, soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor II