Table 3. Adjusted associations between plasma pneumoprotein levels and pulmonary function testing outcomes (unless otherwise noted, n = 65).
| β❖ | P value | Lower 95% confidence interval | Upper 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-BD FEV1%predicteda | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 60) | -5.8 | 0.07§ | -12 | 0.49 |
| PARC/CCL-18 | -5.4 | 0.10§ | -12 | 1.1 |
| sRAGE | -2.2 | 0.46 | -8.2 | 3.7 |
| SP-D | -1.3 | 0.67 | -7.3 | 4.7 |
| Post-BD FVC%predictedb | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 60) | -6.6 | 0.012* | -12 | -1.5 |
| PARC/CCL-18 | -4.4 | 0.10§ | -9.8 | 0.91 |
| sRAGE | -1.3 | 0.58 | -6.2 | 3.5 |
| SP-D | -1.2 | 0.63 | -6.1 | 3.7 |
| Post-BD FEV1/FVCc | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 60) |
-0.0016 | 0.94 | -0.043 | 0.040 |
| PARC/CCL-18 | -0.0017 | 0.94 | -0.047 | 0.043 |
| sRAGE | 0.011 | 0.63 | -0.033 | 0.055 |
| SP-D | 0.0013 | 0.95 | -0.038 | 0.041 |
| DLco%predictedb | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 60) | -4.5 | 0.044* | -8.8 | -0.12 |
| PARC/CCL-18 | -8.3 | <0.001* | -12 | -4.2 |
| sRAGE | -4.2 | 0.038* | -8.2 | -0.24 |
| SP-D | 0.25 | 0.91 | -3.9 | 4.4 |
| DLco%predictedd | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 59) | -4.7 | 0.029* | -8.8 | -0.49 |
| PARC/CCL-18 (n = 64) | -6.5 | 0.004* | -11 | -2.2 |
| sRAGE (n = 64) | -1.8 | 0.39 | -6.0 | 2.4 |
| SP-D (n = 64) | 0.82 | 0.69 | -3.2 | 4.8 |
| DLco%predictede | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 59) | -4.5 | 0.045* | -9.0 | -0.11 |
| PARC/CCL-18 (n = 63) | -8.6 | <0.001* | -13 | -4.3 |
| sRAGE (n = 63) | -4.5 | 0.053§ | -9.1 | 0.053 |
| SP-D (n = 63) | 0.23 | 0.92 | -4.1 | 4.5 |
| CATf | ||||
| CC-16 (n = 60) | 1.6 | 0.27 | -1.3 | 4.5 |
| PARC/CCL-18 (n = 60) | 6.7 | <0.001* | 3.9 | 9.5 |
| sRAGE (n = 60) | -0.22 | 0.88 | -3.1 | 2.6 |
| SP-D (n = 60) | -1.4 | 0.32 | -4.2 | 1.4 |
Note that all pneumoproteins measurements were log-transformed and divided by interquartile range. All spirometry measurements are post-bronchodilator values.
Variables with P < 0.20 in unadjusted analyses were included in multivariate analyses and retained to maximize adjusted R-squared. Regardless of significance of association, ever smoker variable was included in each multivariate model.
a Adjusted for history of ever cigarette smoking
b Adjusted for history of ever cigarette smoking and BMI
c Adjusted for history of ever cigarette smoking, age, and BMI
d Adjusted for pack-years of cigarette smoking and ART adherence in past week
e Adjusted for history of ever cigarette smoking, BMI, and history of ever injection drug use
f Adjusted for history of ever bacterial pneumonia
* P < 0.05
§ P ≤ 0.10
❖ Per IQR increase in log10 values
Abbreviations: post-BD = post-bronchodilator; BMI = body mass index; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; CC-16 = club cell secretory protein-16; DLco%predicted = diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide corrected as percentage of predicted reference value; FEV1%predicted = forced expiratory volume in 1 second as percentage of predicted reference value; FEV1/FVC ratio = ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity; FVC%predicted = forced vital capacity as percentage of predicted reference value; PARC/CCL-18 = pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine; SP-D = surfactant protein-D; sRAGE = soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products.