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. 2000 Aug 1;20(15):5575–5580. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-15-05575.2000

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Stimulation (1 Hz) elicits long-term depression at excitatory synapses in the VTA. A, A single experiment in which a VTA neuron was recorded from during excitatory afferent stimulation. At the arrow, electrical stimulation was delivered at 1 Hz while the neuron was held at −40 mV. Responses during the 1 Hz stimulation are omitted for clarity. Afterward, the stimulation frequency was returned to 0.1 Hz, and LTD was observed.Inset, The averages of five EPSCs taken just before (1) and after 1 Hz (2) stimulation. Calibration: 50 pA, 10 msec. B, Averaged results from 30 experiments eliciting LTD as described in A. Peak EPSC amplitudes were normalized and plotted over time. LTD could be induced in both dopamine and non-dopamine neurons within the VTA using this stimulation protocol (n = 22 dopamine neurons; n = 8 non-dopamine neurons). All cells tested were included in the ensemble average, regardless of whether or not they exhibited robust LTD.