Fig. 5.

Time course of neuronal cell death and ATP depletion during exposure to zinc with or without pyruvate. Neuronal cultures were exposed continuously to 40 μmZn²⁺ in the presence or absence of 4 mmpyruvate, and cellular ATP levels (top) or LDH release (bottom) were determined at the indicated times. Cell death was determined by LDH release to the bathing medium (scaled to signal associated with complete neuronal death induced by 24 hr exposure to 20 μm A23187, set as 100). ATP loss was determined by comparison with levels measured in sham-washed controls. Error bars in both parts are SEM; n = 9–12 cultures per condition, pooled from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 signifies difference from Zn²⁺ exposure alone by two-way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni test. #p < 0.05 signifies difference from sham-washed controls by two-way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni test.