Table 2.
Included primary studies characteristics
| Study | Study type | Participants | Intervention | Control | Medication adherence assessment | Long-term condition | Follow-up (months) | Medication adherence results | Quality | ||||
| Number | Mean age | Male % | Education (≥high school %) | Name | Number | Type of care | |||||||
| Allam et al 40 | RCT | 155 | 57.96 | 54.1 | 76.1 | ONESelf | 40 | Usual care | Prescription Opioid Misuse Index | Rheumatoid arthritis | 4 | Positive | Moderate |
| Chrischilles et al 38 | RCT | 1075 | 72.3 | 43.2 | 98.7 | Iowa PHR | 273 | Usual care | Self-reported | At least one | 12 | No difference | Moderate |
| DeVito Dabbs et al 48 | RCT | 201 | 62 | 55.2 | 94 | Pocket PATH | Not stated | Usual care | Health habits survey | LTRs | 12 | Positive | High |
| Fioravanti et al 45 | RCT | 51 | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | METABO system | 25 | Usual care | Self-reported | Diabetes (all types) | 1 | Positive | Moderate |
| Glaser et al 41 | RCT | 221 | Not stated | 58.4 | 72 | PACE | Not stated | Usual care | Lab results | At least one | 9 | Positive | High |
| Glasgow et al 37 | RCT | 332 | 61.4 | 95 | 86 | My Path to Health Life | Not stated | Enhanced usual care | Hill-Bone scale | Diabetes type 2 | 12 | No difference | Moderate |
| Grant et al 47 | RCT | 244 | Not stated | 51 | Not stated | DM PHR | 118 | Usual care | Medication initiation or dosage adjustment | Diabetes type 2 | 12 | Positive | High |
| Lakshminarayana 65 | RCT | 201 | 60.3 | 60.7 | Parkinson’s Tracker | 90 | Usual care | MMAS-8 | PD | 4 | Positive | Moderate | |
| Luque et al 43 | RCT | 29 | 48 | 55 | 69 | MyMedical | n/a | Usual care | Self-reported | HIV | 2 | Positive | Moderate |
| Mira et al 66 | RCT | 99 | 71.9 | 55.5 | Not stated | ALICE | 48 | Usual care | MMAS-4 | At least one | 11 | Positive | Moderate |
| Perera et al 44 | RCT | 28 | 46 | 93 | Not stated | Not named | 11 | Usual care | MARS, pharmacy dispensing records and lab tests | HIV | 3 | Positive | Moderate |
| Riva 67 | RCT | 51 | 47.5 | 49 | 76.4 | ONESelf | 24 | Usual care | Prescription Medication Use and perception of risk instrument | CBP | 5 | Positive | High |
| Tang 68 | RCT | 415 | 53.7 | 60 | 94.3 | PHCP | 213 | Usual care | Diabetes control | Diabetes type 2 | 12 | Positive | High |
| Westergaard et al 42 | Qualitative | 19 | 49.3 | 63 | 74 | mPeer2Peer | Not stated | Usual care | Self-reported | HIV | n/a | Positive | Moderate |
| Zettl et al 49 | Cohort study | 669 | 38.4 | 29 | 28 | BETAPATH | 330 | Paper-based PDA | Number of injections per study interval | MS | 24 | Positive | Moderate |
CBP, chronic back pain; LTRs, lung transplant recipients; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PDA, personal digital assistant; RCT, randomised controlled trial.