. 2019 Sep 27;9(9):e032544. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032544

Table 2.

Ordinal least squares (OLS), Tobit regression and two-part models for EuroQol 5-dimensions utility

	Model 1 OLS Without comorbidity		Model 1 OLS With comorbidity		Model 2 Tobit Without comorbidity		Model 2 Tobit With comorbidity		Model 3 two-part Without comorbidity		Model 3 two-part With comorbidity
	Beta	SE	Beta	SE	Beta	SE	Beta	SE	Beta	SE	Beta	SE
									Logistic regression: full health
Female	−0.063***	0.007	−0.067***	0.007	−0.109***	0.011	−0.114***	0.011	−0.566***	0.068	−0.601***	0.069
45–64	0.002	0.02	0.011	0.019	−0.042	0.036	−0.024	0.035	−0.354	0.204	−0.279	0.206
≥65	−0.022	0.021	−0.013	0.021	−0.081*	0.038	−0.061	0.037	−0.548*	0.217	−0.467*	0.218
Secondary/postsecondary	0.053***	0.007	0.051***	0.007	0.085***	0.012	0.082***	0.012	0.365***	0.07	0.360***	0.071
Tertiary or above	0.060***	0.012	0.057***	0.012	0.099***	0.02	0.095***	0.02	0.417***	0.118	0.406***	0.119
Unemployed	0.057***	0.01	0.056***	0.01	0.068***	0.016	0.066***	0.016	0.106	0.098	0.103	0.099
Employed	0.068***	0.01	0.060***	0.01	0.126***	0.018	0.114***	0.017	0.493***	0.102	0.446***	0.103
Live with family/others	0.051***	0.013	0.047***	0.013	0.075***	0.021	0.067**	0.02	0.249	0.135	0.228	0.136
Live in institution	−0.213***	0.041	−0.197***	0.04	−0.217***	0.062	−0.193**	0.061	−1.441*	0.629	−1.347*	0.633
Hearing problem			−0.002	0.05			−0.02	0.079			−0.26	0.54
Vision problem			−0.050*	0.024			−0.086*	0.036			−0.547*	0.263
Physical disability			−0.395***	0.047			−0.469***	0.071			−14.358	12.595
Mental problem			−0.128***	0.027			−0.180***	0.042			−0.886**	0.326
Heart problem			−0.048***	0.008			−0.076***	0.012			−0.359***	0.081
Diabetes			−0.027***	0.007			−0.048***	0.011			−0.257***	0.069
Cancer			−0.064*	0.025			−0.097*	0.04			−0.424	0.267
AIC	−1318.73		−1471.278		4168.175		4041.414		5883.768		5817.105
BIC	−1248.22		−1355.901		4238.683		4156.791		5947.885		5926.027
R²	0.108		0.14
Pseudo R²					0.121		0.151		0.059		0.072
RMSE	0.208		0.205
Sigma					1.09		1.09
									Truncated OLS regression: not full health
Female									−0.046***	0.01	−0.050***	0.01
45–64									0.027	0.038	0.041	0.037
≥65									0.005	0.039	0.019	0.039
Secondary/postsecondary									0.054***	0.011	0.053***	0.011
Tertiary or above									0.061**	0.019	0.060**	0.019
Unemployed									0.078***	0.014	0.078***	0.014
Employed									0.089***	0.017	0.084***	0.016
Live with family/others									0.059**	0.018	0.052**	0.018
Live in institution									−0.142**	0.048	−0.132**	0.047
Hearing problem											0.013	0.068
Vision problem											−0.026	0.03
Physical disability											−0.294***	0.052
Mental problem											−0.109**	0.034
Heart problem											−0.042***	0.011
Diabetes											−0.023*	0.01
Cancer											−0.066*	0.035
AIC									−303.706		−358.792
BIC									−239.763		−254.213
Sigma									0.227		0.224

Reference level: male, no education/primary, 18–44, retired, live alone, no hearing problem, no vision problem, no physical disability, no mental problem, no heart problem, no diabetes, no cancer.

*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; RMSE, root mean square error.