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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Mater. 2019 Aug 16;31(40):e1902956. doi: 10.1002/adma.201902956

Scheme 1. Mechanism of preventing hepatic IRI by nano-antioxidants.

Scheme 1.

Ceria NPs can efficiently scavenge ROS from both intracellular (e.g., in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells) and extracellular sources in the liver. As the ROS are neutralized, reduced Kupffer and monocyte/macrophage cells activation limited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which inhibits the recruitment and infiltration of neutrophils. ROS, reactive oxygen species; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-12, interleukin-12; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; INF-γ, interferon gamma; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; MPO, myeloperoxidase.