Table.
Inflammatory Mediators and their role(s) in arterial ageing
| Mediator | Abbreviation | Localization | Species | Role in arterial ageing | Key References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adhesion molecules | |||||
| e-selectin | N/A | Circulation | Human | Associated with microvascular EDD impairment | (Lind, et al, 2008) |
| Intracellular adhesion molecule | ICAM | Endothelial, circulation | Human, rat, mouse | Associated with impaired EDD (primarily microvascular), promotes leukocyte adhesion to endothelium | (Csiszar, et al, 2009, Vita, et al, 2004a, Yepuri, et al, 2012) |
| Vascular cell adhesion molecule | VCAM | Endothelial, circulation | Human, mouse | Associated with impaired cerebral blood flow, promotes leukocyte adhesion to endothelium | (Tchalla, et al, 2015, Yepuri, et al, 2012) |
| Cytokines & Chemokines | |||||
| Interferon-γ | IFN-γ | Whole artery | Human, mouse | Gene polymorphisms associated with CVD, EDD impairment | (Annoni, et al, 2009, Lesniewski, et al, 2011, Stokes, et al, 2007) |
| Interluekin-1β | IL-1β | Endothelial, whole artery, circulation | Human, non-human primate, rat, mouse | Major role in CVD | (Csiszar, et al, 2003, Csiszar, et al, 2012, Lesniewski, Durrant, Connell, Henson, et al., 2011, Ridker, Paul M., et al, 2017) |
| Interluekin-6 | IL-6 | Endothelial, circulation | Human,rat | Associated with CVD & large artery stiffness, role in impaired EDD | (Csiszar, et al, 2003, Donato, et al, 2008, Schnabel, et al, 2008, Vita, et al, 2004b, Wassmann, et al, 2004) |
| Interleukin-17 | IL-17 | Smooth muscle | Rat | EDD impairment | (Csiszar, et al, 2003, Nguyen, et al, 2013) |
| Interleukin-10 | IL-10 | Circulation, whole artery | Human, mouse | Low levels associated with CVD, large artery stiffness, EDD impairment | (Freitas, et al, 2011, Kinzenbaw, et al, 2013) |
| Transforming Growth Factor-β | TGF-β | Whole artery | Mouse | Collagen deposition, arterial stiffening | (Fleenor, et al, 2010) |
| Tumour Necrosis Factor-α | TNF-α | Endothelial, smooth muscle, circulation | Human, rat, mouse | Associated with CVD, impaired EDD, role in large artery stiffening | (Belmin, et al, 1995, Csiszar, et al, 2003, Donato, et al, 2008, Machado-Silva, et al, 2016, Moreau, et al, 2013) |
| CC motif chemokine ligand 2 | CCL2, aka Monocyte Chemoattractant protein 1 | Endothelial, Smooth muscle, perivascular adipose | Human, mouse | Leukocyte recruitment to artery, promotes large artery stiffening | (Donato, et al, 2008, Wang, et al, 2007, Wang, et al, 2011) |
| CC motif chemokine ligand 5 | CCL5, aka RANTES | Circulating | Human, mouse | Associated with CVD, may promote arterial stiffening | (Grufman, et al, 2014, Lozhkin, et al, 2017) |
| CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 | CXCL2 | Smooth muscle, perivascular adipose | Mouse | Recruitment of monocytes to the artery | (Fleenor, et al, 2014, Song, et al, 2012) |
| CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 | CXCL10 | Whole artery, smooth muscle | Mouse | Recruitment of T cells to the artery | (Song, et al, 2012, Trott, et al, 2017) |
| Granuolocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor | GM-CSF | Whole artery, perivascular adipose | Mouse | Macrophage recruitment to the artery | (Fleenor, et al, 2014, Trott, et al, 2017) |
| Immune cells | |||||
| B cells | N/A | Circulation, Perivascular adipose | Mouse | Infiltration of perivascular adipose | (Trott, et al, 2018) |
| T cells | N/A | Circulation, Perivascular adipose | Human, mouse | Proinflammatory cells associated with large artery stiffness, infiltration of perivascular adipose | (Lesniewski, et al, 2011, Trott, et al, 2018, Yu, et al, 2017) |
| Monocytes/ Macrophages | N/A | Circulation, Perivascular adipose | Human, mouse | Associated with EDD impairment, infiltration of perivascular adipose promote atherosclerosis | (Du, et al, 2016, Lesniewski, et al, 2011, Trott, et al, 2018, Walker, et al, 2010) |
| Neutrophils | N/A | Circulation, other? | Human | Associated with microvascular EDD impairment | (Walker, et al, 2010) |
| Transcription Factors | |||||
| Nuclear Factor κ B | NFκB | Endothelial, Smooth muscle | Human, non-human primate, rodent | Induces transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and ROS producing enzymes. Associated with impaired flow mediated dilation and microvascular EDD impairment | (Donato, et al, 2007, Donato, et al, 2008, Donato, et al, 2013, Rodríguez-Mañas, et al, 2009, Ungvari, et al, 2011) |
| Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | Endothelial, smooth muscle | Non-human primate, mouse | Decrease in antoxidant and antiinflammatory gene expression, EDD impairment | (Csiszar, et al, 2012, Fulop, et al, 2018, Ungvari, et al, 2011) |
| Other | |||||
| Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 | MMP2 | Endothelial | Human | Elastin degradation, arterial stiffening | (Wang, et al, 2007) |
| Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 | MMP9 | Endothelial, whole artery | Human, mouse | Elastin degradation, arterial stiffening | (Donato, et al, 2013, Wang, et al, 2007) |
| Toll Like Receptor 4 | TLR | Smooth muscle | Rat | Upregulation of IL-6 production | (Song, et al, 2012) |
| C reactive protein | CRP | Circulation | Human | Associated with CVD & large artery stiffness, role in impaired EDD (primarily microvascular) | (Fichtlscherer, et al, 2000, Hein, et al, 2009, Lind, et al, 2008, Mattace-Raso, et al, 2004) |