Table 1. Maternal and neonatal characteristics of urban, black South Africans (n=393).
| Median (IQR) or % | |
|---|---|
| Maternal variables | |
| Demographic and health characteristics | |
| Maternal age, y | 30 (25-35) |
| Parity | |
| Para 0 | 25 |
| Para 1 | 45 |
| Para ≥2 | 30 |
| HIV status | |
| HIV-negative | 66 |
| HIV-positive (antenatal ART) | 23 |
| HIV-positive (pre-pregnancy ART) | 11 |
| Smokes/chews tobacco | |
| No | 87 |
| Yes | 13 |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | |
| Maternal education | |
| Primary | 2 |
| Secondary | 70 |
| Tertiary | 28 |
| Marital status [n=387] | |
| Single | 61 |
| Married/cohabiting | 39 |
| Household SES | |
| Low | 13 |
| Medium | 80 |
| High | 7 |
| Anthropometry | |
| BMI at recruitment, kg/m2 (<14 weeks) | 27.2 (23.8-30.9) |
| Normal weight (18.5-24.9) | 35 |
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 35 |
| Obese (≥30) | 30 |
| GWG, kg/week | 0.41 (0.28-0.56) |
| Inadequate | 22 |
| Adequate | 20 |
| Excessive | 58 |
| Neonatal variables | |
| Sex | |
| Male | 52 |
| Female | 48 |
| Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 39 (38-40) |
| Anthropometry | |
| Birth weight, g | 3100 (2850-3365) |
| Birth length, cm | 48.9 (47.3-50.3) |
| Weight to length ratio (kg/m) | 6.4 (5.9-6.8) |
| Body composition [n=171]a | |
| Age at scanning, d | 8 (4) |
| Fat mass, g | 435 (331-548) |
| Fat-free mass, g | 2774 (2530-2929) |
| Fat mass index, kg/m3 | 3.6 (2.9-4.6) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GWG, gestational weight gain; ART, antiretroviral treatment IoM GWG ranges (kg/week): inadequate, normal weight <0.35, overweight <0.23, obese <0.17; adequate, normal weight 0.35-0.50, overweight 0.23-0.33, obese 0.17-0.27; excessive, normal weight >0.50, overweight >0.33, obese >0.27
a
Measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP; Peapod) or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) corrected for the measurement differences between techniques