Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to the presence of tinnitus.
| N | Tinnitus | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| 3699 | 934 | ||
| Age (years) | 35.8 ± 0.2 | 34.0 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Menstrual cycle irregularity | 14.1 (0.7) | 19.7 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Educational level | 0.007 | ||
| ≤Elementary school | 2.7 (0.3) | 4.7 (0.8) | |
| Middle school | 5.7 (0.5) | 5.8 (0.8) | |
| High school | 48.0 (1.1) | 51.3 (2.0) | |
| ≥University | 43.6 (1.1) | 38.2 (2.0) | |
| Household income level | <0.001 | ||
| Q1 | 7.7 (0.7) | 12.7 (1.5) | |
| Q2 | 28.0 (1.1) | 28.6 (1.9) | |
| Q3 | 32.7 (1.0) | 29.5 (1.7) | |
| Q4 | 31.6 (1.1) | 29.2 (1.9) | |
| Residential area (urban) | 85.8 (1.5) | 87.5 (1.8) | 0.282 |
| Occupation (unemployed) | 42.1 (1) | 44.6 (2.1) | 0.273 |
| Ex-smokers or current smokers | 9.1 (0.6) | 13 (1.4) | 0.003 |
| Heavy alcohol drinkers | 3.3 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.7) | 0.590 |
| Regular exercisers | 83.3 (0.8) | 82 (1.7) | 0.452 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | 7.0 ± 0.0 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 0.288 |
| Parity (yes) | 67.7 (1.1) | 58.3 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Ever use of oral contraceptives (yes) | 8.9 (0.6) | 9.9 (1.2) | 0.397 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 0.1 | 22.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error or percentage (standard error).
*p-values were obtained using an independent t-test for continuous variables and a chi-square test for categorical variables.