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. 2019 Oct 1;9:12618. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48772-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Failure of conventional radiological does-volume concept in the ex vivo spermatogenesis. (a) Two different 50% micro-slit irradiation patterns of the ex vivo testes tissues. They had the same irradiated area of 50% and the same total irradiation dose, of 2.5 Gy at the whole tissue level. Green circles and red squares are germ cells and irradiated areas, respectively. (b) Dose-volume histograms of the two 50% micro-slit irradiation patterns. These two irradiation scenarios cannot be distinguished by their histograms, showing the logical failure of conventional radiation dose-volume concept at the microscale level.