Table 2.

Summary of studies evaluating RRT-related interventions for HIRRT in critically ill patients.

Study	Design	Intervention(s)	Occurrence of HIRRT	Significance
Intermittent hemodialysis
Lynch [82]	Retrospective cohort N = 191 patients; 892 sessions	Dialysate sodium profiling	Case: 36/242 = 14.9% Control: 59/650 = 9.1%	NS
du Cheyron [83]	RCT N = 74 patients; 574 sessions	Blood volume and temperature control	BVM: 33/190 = 17.4% BVM + BTM: 30/194 = 15.5% Control: 32/188 = 17.0%	NS
du Cheyron et al. [57]	Prospective cohort N = 62 patients; 572 sessions	Blood volume and temperature control	Case: 41/189 = 21.7% Control: 110/383 = 28.7%	P = 0.09
Schortgen et al. [5]	Retrospective cohort N = 121 patients; 537 sessions	Multimodal approach	Case: 176/289 = 60.9% Control: 176/248 = 71.0%	P = 0.015
Paganini et al. [34]	Randomized cross-over study N = 10 patients; 60 sessions	Variable dialysate sodium and UF profiling	Case: 16.0% Control: 45.5%	Not reported
Jardin et al. [41]	Prospective cohort N = 8 patients; 53 sessions	17.5% albumin priming vs saline	Albumin: stable MAP and more UF (530 mL/h vs 366 mL/h)	MAP: P < 0.001 Not reported for UF
Sustained low-efficiency dialysis
Edrees et al. [58]	Randomized cross-over study N = 21 patients; 78 sessions	Lower dialysate temperature (35 °C vs 37 °C)	Case: 0.7 ± 0.7 Control: 1.5 ± 1.1	P < 0.0001
Albino [84]	RCT N = 75 patients; 195 sessions	Duration of RRT: 6 h vs 10 h	6 h: 63/100 = 63.0% 10 h: 53/95 = 55.8%	NS
Lima et al. [33]	RCT N = 39 patients; 62 sessions	Lower dialysate temperature with dialysate sodium and UF profiling	Case: 8/34 = 23.5% Control: 16/28 = 57.1%	P = 0.009
Continuous renal replacement therapy
Robert et al. [60]	Randomized cross-over study N = 30 patients	Lower heating device temperature (36 °C vs 38 °C)	Less interventions for HIRRT with cooler temperature	P = 0.08
Eastwood et al. [46]	Prospective cohort N = 21 patients; 41 RRT starts	CRRT pump speed	No HIRRT reported at CRRT initiation	Not applicable
Rokyta et al. [59]	Prospective cohort N = 9 patients	CRRT-induced cooling (SF and RB warmed to 37 °C vs no warming)	MAP and SVR increased with cooling	P < 0.05

Adapted from Douvris et al. [9] under the terms and conditions of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

BVM blood volume monitoring, BTM blood temperature monitoring, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, HIRRT hemodynamic instability related to renal replacement therapy, MAP mean arterial pressure, RCT randomized controlled trial, SF substitution fluid, RB returned blood, UF ultrafiltration