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. 2019 Oct 1;9:14040. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50247-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrical characteristics of a transparent temperature sensor: (a) schematic of the temperature sensor and (b) SEM image of the temperature sensor array. The inset shows a single temperature sensor. The scale bar is 2.5 mm. (c) Electrical hysteresis upon heating and cooling on the relative resistance change of ITO, and (d) negative temperature coefficient of the resistance (NTCR) with ITO for the temperature sensor.