Table 2. The studies that used theranostic multimodal MNPs for diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases .
| Method of imaging | Nanoparticle | Disease | Therapeutic agent | Target | Ref. |
| Optical | PLGA | Cancer | Camptothecin | Folate receptor | 153 |
| Optical | Poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) | Cancer | Paclitaxel | - | 154 |
| NIRF | PEG-hyaluronic acid | Cancer | Irinotecan | Hyaluronic acid | 155 |
| Raman spectroscopy | Gold | Cancer | Doxorubicin | - | 156 |
| MRI | SPION | Allograft rejection | DGKa-pDNA | CD3 antibody | 157 |
| MRI | SPIO | Immune response detection | - | - | 158 |
| Ultrasound | Hyaluronic acid encapsulated with MnO2 | Cancer | Indocyanine | Hyaluronic acid | 159 |
| Ultrasound | Mesoporous silica | Cardiac stem cell therapy | IGF | - | 160 |
| PET | T7 phage nanoparticle | Cancer | - | RGD | 161 |
| CT | Glycol-chitosan-coated gold | Cerebrovascular thrombi detection | tPA | Fibrin-binding peptide | 162 |
CD: cluster of differentiation; CT: computerized tomography; DGKa: diacylglycerol kinase alpha; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; MNPs: magnetic nanoparticles; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NIRF: near infrared fluorescence; PET: positron emission tomography; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PLGA: poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; RGD: arginylglycylaspartic acid; SPIO: superparamagnetic iron oxide; SPION: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator.