Table 4.

Immunosuppressive effects of nanoparticles associated with oncological research. Nanoparticle characteristics are described in the left column while their associated immunosuppressive effect is summarized on the right

Nanoparticle	Immunosuppressive effect
GNP (7.4 nm ± 2.8 nm, uncoated)126	Significant dose‐dependent reductions in leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity and significant reductions of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in peritoneal fluid of mice (700, 1000, and 150 µg NP/kg).
GNP (21 nm, uncoated)127	Significant reduction of TNF‐α and IL‐6 mRNA expression in adipose tissue macrophages in mice (7.85 µg NP/g).
GNP (10–15 nm, uncoated)128	Significant reduction in endotoxin induced nitric oxide upregulation in macrophages (in vitro) in a dose dependant manner (up to 40 ng mL−1 GNP).
GNP (size ranged from 4 to 45 nm, pegylated and fluorescein‐tagged)129	4 nm GNP is most potent inhibitor of TLR9 in macrophages in vitro (up to 40 µg mL−1 GNP).
IONP (10 and 30 nm, both coated with oleic acid and amphilic polymer)130	Indirect anti‐inflammatory effect with monocytes. Endotoxin adsorbed to IONP surface inhibiting TLR4 and CD14 signaling. NFKB signaling is also deregulated (1–100 µg mL−1).
IONP (200 and 240 nm hydrodynamic diameter, coated with starch and PLGA, respectively)131	IL‐6 secretion is significantly reduced in primary monocytes by both IONP (500 ng mL−1).
IONP (Resovist, 58.7 nm hydrodynamic diameter, coated with carboxydextran)132	Delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) was reduced by Resovist (0.2–10 mg Fe/kg) with ovalbumin‐challenged BALB/c (a model for DTH). A significant reduction in IFN‐ϒ and increase in IL‐4 suggested a shift from Th1 to Th2. A reduction of macrophages, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was also observed at the injection site.
IONP (coated with poly(vinylalcohol) and fluorophore, 29.4 ± 4.1 –to 122.1 ± 14.6 nm)133	Decreases in monocyte‐derived dendritic cells ability to process antigen and activate CD4+ T cells (20 µg mL−1 IONP).
Liposome (Doxil)134	BALB/c mice with C26 subcutaneous tumor were injected with 2.5–20 mg kg−1 of Doxil or doxorubicin. At high doses, clearance saturation is achieved due to suppression of the MPS, prolonging Doxil circulation time.
Quantum dot (CdSe/ZnS, carboxyl terminated, 8 nm hydrodynamic diameter and 655 nm max emission)135	Decreased phagocytic function and viability of macrophages in vitro (2.5 × 10−9 m). Decreased viability to lymphocytes in vitro (2.5 × 10−9 m). Damage to spleen lymphocytes in BALB/c mice (2 × 10−9 m kg−1).
Dendrimer (polyamidoamine, generation 3.5, glucosamine‐conjugated)136	Deceased levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐ α, IL‐12, MIP‐1a, and MIP‐1b in macrophages and dendritic cells (200 µg mL−1).