Table 1.
Summary of key active metabolic pathways for different cell types pertinent to regenerative engineering outcomes
| Cell type | Cell name | Metabolic phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stem cells | Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) | Anabolic glycolysis, PPP | 8 |
| Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) | Low glycolysis | 8, 27, 35 | |
| Endothelial cells | Tip cells | Increased aerobic glycolytic (stimulated by VEGF) | 29, 30 |
| Stalk cells | Aerobic glycolytic; fatty acid catabolism for nucleotide biosynthesis | 29, 30 | |
| Phalanx cells | Low aerobic glycolysis | 29, 30 | |
| Immune cells | Neutrophils | Aerobic glycolysis; PPP | 32, 33 |
| M1 macrophage | Aerobic glycolysis; PPP | 32, 33, 73 | |
| M2 macrophage | Fatty acid oxidation | 32, 33, 73 | |
| Activated dendritic cells (DCs) | Aerobic glycolysis; PPP | 32, 33 | |
| Resting T cells | Low glycolysis; low OXPHOS | 32, 33 | |
| Activated T cells | Aerobic glycolysis | 32, 33 | |
| Regulatory T cells (Treg) | Fatty acid oxidation | 32, 33 | |
| Memory T cells | Fatty acid oxidation | 32, 33 | |
| Differentiated cells | Osteoblasts | High OXPHOS; glutaminolysis | 28, 34 |
| Adipocytes | High OXPHOS; high ROS | 28, 34 | |
| Chondrocytes | High glycolysis | 28 | |
| Neurons | High OXPHOS | 38 | |
| Cardiomyocytes | High OXPHOS; fatty acid oxidation | 9 | |
| Myoblasts | Anabolic glycolysis; PPP | 28 |
Abbreviations: PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; VEGF, vascular endothelial grow factor; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; ROS, reactive oxygen species.