Table 5.

Reviews and theoretical studies on virtual coaching applied to clinical or medical contexts.

Paper reference	Clinical field of application	Interface	Study typology
Ding et al 2010 [53]	—a	Overview of virtual coach interventions	Review
Lentferink et al 2017 [54]	Lifestyle	e-Coachb	Review
Provoost et al 2017 [55]	Psychotherapeutic interventions in clinical psychology	ECAc (virtual human characters on computer screens to robots) and communication	Review
Vaidyam et al 2019 [56]	Psychiatry	Conversational agent, chatbot	Review
Salvemini et al 2019 [57]	Insomnia and sleep disorders	Virtual coach	Review
de Rosis et al 2006 [58]	Health promotion	ECA with verbal; face-to-face communication	Theoretical study
Cotè et al 2011 [59]	HIV positive	ECA (virtual nurse)	Theoretical study
Perez et al 2016 [60]	User and ECA interactions	ECA	Theoretical study
Cotè et al 2017 [61]	Chronic conditions	ECA (virtual nurse)	Theoretical study
Fadhil et al 2019 [62]	Health promotion	ECA	Theoretical study

^aNot applicable.

^be-coach: electronic coach.

^cECA: embodied conversational agent.