Figure 2.

Electron distribution in the velocity phase space. f_3D in the v_y‐v_z space where v_x = 0 (a) at the beginning (ω_pet = 0) and (b) the end (ω_pet = 327). The crescent angle ϕ is limited by ±Δ, which are denoted by black dashed lines. (c) f_1D as a function of v_y. Black solid line is the observation data. Red and blue solid lines are electron distribution of the simulation at the beginning and the end.Time history of (d) total energy; (e) kinetic energies of core and crescent electrons; (f) components of core kinetic energy in x, y, and z direction; (g) y‐directional kinetic energy of the crescent electrons; and (h) electric field energy of x and y direction in a log scale. They are normalized by initial total energy and ω_pe.