Table 2.
Reported QTLs for important traits of breeding interest in groundnut
| Trait group | Trait | Number of QTLs identified | Population | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totala | PVE | Major | ||||
| Agronomic and yield component traits | GH, plant spread, MSH, PH, total biomass, DF, PoM, LNB, haulm weight, shell weight, shelling %, HI, pod number, pod weight, seed number,100‐SW, pod beak, pod constriction, pod length, pod width, seed width, seed length, FSD | 7 | 9.19–17.69 | 5 | Tamrun OL01 × BSS 56 | Selvaraj et al., 2009; |
| 106 | 8.50–26.70 | 29 | [Fleur 11 × (A. ipaënsis × A. duranensis)4×] | Foncéka, Tossim, Rivallan, Vignes, Faye, et al., 2012; Foncéka, Tossim, Rivallan, Vignes, Lacut, et al., 2012; | ||
| 23 | 4.80–28.20 | 17 | Satonoka × Kintoki | Shirasawa et al., 2012; | ||
| 25 | 6.20–30.40 | 9 | A. ipaënsis (K30076) × A. magna (K30097) | Leal‐Bertioli et al., 2015; | ||
| 31 | 8.30–26.00 | 263 | A. ipaënsis (K30076) × A. magna (K30097) | Leal‐Bertioli et al., 2016; | ||
| 24 | 1.69–18.70 | 11 | Zhonghua 10 × ICG 12625 | Huang et al., 2015; | ||
| 18 | 4.85–20.52 | 8 | Zhonghua 10 × ICG 12625 | Huang et al., 2016; | ||
| 22 | 2.55–7.95 | 0 | Zhonghua 5 × ICGV 86699 | Zhou et al., 2016; | ||
| 39 | 1.25–26.11 | 13 | Fuchuan Dahuasheng × ICG 6375; Xuhua 13 × Zhonghua 6 | Chen, Jiao, et al., 2016; | ||
| 2 | 22.14–71.21 | 2 | ICGV 00350 × ICGV 97045 | Vishwakarma et al., 2016; | ||
| 7 | 6.12–22.53 | 2 | 79266 × D893 | Li et al., 2017; | ||
| 25 | 4.46–17.01 | 5 | Yuanza 9102 × Xuzhou 68‐4 | Luo, Ren, et al., 2017; | ||
| 42 | 3.68–27.84 | 11 | Yuanza 9102 × Xuzhou 68‐4 | Luo, Xu, et al., 2017; | ||
| 86 | 3.84–15.06 | 6 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Khedikar et al., 2018; | ||
| ‐ | 12.00–32.30 | 6 | TMV 2 × TMV 2‐NLM | Hake et al., 2017; | ||
| Quality traits | Linoleic acid, oleic acid, O/L ratio and other fatty acids | 3 | 5.10–9.70 | 0 | TG 26 × GPBD 4 | Sarvamangala et al., 2011; |
| 27 | 1.04–42.33 | 17 | SunOleic 97R × NC94022, Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Pandey, Wang, et al., 2014; | ||
| 191 | 0.16–40.56 | 34 | SunOleic 97R × NC94022, Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Wang et al., 2015; | ||
| 11 | 1.72–20.20 | 7 | Zhonghua 10 × ICG 12625 | Huang et al., 2015; | ||
| 48 | 2.00–17.00 | 5 | Florunner × TxAG‐6 | Wilson et al., 2017; | ||
| 21 | 8.40–78.60 | 20 | ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R | Shasidhar et al., 2017; | ||
| – | 15.10 | 1 | TMV 2 × TMV 2‐NLM | Hake et al., 2017; | ||
| Oil content | 1 | 11.03 | 1 | Tamrun OL01 × BSS 56 | Selvaraj et al., 2009; | |
| 4 | 1.50–9.10 | 0 | TG 26 × GPBD 4 | Sarvamangala et al., 2011; | ||
| 15 | 2.53–10.23 | 5 | SunOleic 97R × NC94022; Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Pandey, Wang, et al., 2014; | ||
| 1 | 14.36 | 1 | Zhonghua 10 × ICG 12625 | Huang et al., 2015; | ||
| 13 | 2.00–18.00 | 2 | Florunner × TxAG‐6 | Wilson et al., 2017; | ||
| 8 | 5.60–22.10 | 2 | ICGV 07368 × ICGV 06420 | Shasidhar et al., 2017; | ||
| Protein content | 6 | 1.50–10.70 | 2 | TG 26 × GPBD 4 | Sarvamangala et al., 2011; | |
| – | 26.40 | 1 | TMV 2 × TMV 2‐NLM | Hake et al., 2017; | ||
| Resistance to abiotic stress | T, TE, SLA, LA, SCMR, CI, CC, yield components measured under drought stress | 38 | 2.90–17.60 | 6 | TAG 24 × ICGV 86031 | Varshney et al., 2009; |
| 105 | 3.28–33.36 | – | TAG 24 × ICGV 86031 | Ravi et al., 2011; | ||
| 178 | 1.70–40.10 | 0 | ICGS 76 × CSMG 84‐1; ICGS 44 × ICGS 76 | Gautami, Pandey, et al., 2012; | ||
| 12 | 8.50–31.20 | 8 | A. ipaënsis (K30076) × A. magna (K30097) | Leal‐Bertioli et al., 2016; | ||
| 13 | 10.40–20.10 | 13 | [Fleur 11 × (A. ipaënsis × A. duranensis)4×] | Foncéka et al., 2012; | ||
| Resistance to biotic stress | Rust resistance | 12 | 1.70–55.20 | 1 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Khedikar et al., 2010; |
| 15 | 2.54–82.96 | 7 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4; TG 26 × GPBD 4 | Sujay et al., 2012; | ||
| 13 | 5.80–59.30 | 2 | A. ipaënsis (K30076) × A. magna (K30097) | Leal‐Bertioli et al., 2015; | ||
| 6 | 10.2–70.4 | 6 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Kolekar et al., 2016; | ||
| 8 | 42.7–83.6 | 8 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Pandey, Khan, et al., 2017; | ||
| Leaf spot resistance | 5 | 4.6–53.00 | 3 | A. duranensis (K7988) × A. stenosperma (V10309) | Leal‐Bertioli et al., 2009; | |
| 28 | – | 13 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4; TG 26 × GPBD 4 | Sujay et al., 2012; | ||
| 11 | 1.70–6.50 | 0 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Khedikar et al., 2010; | ||
| 50 | 5.95–27.35 | 10 | Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Wang et al., 2013; | ||
| 20 | 3.41–19.12 | 7 | Zhonghua 5 × ICGV 86699 | Zhou et al., 2016; | ||
| 4 | 14.1–44.5 | 4 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Kolekar et al., 2016; | ||
| 42 | 3.88–16.88 | 12 | SunOleic 97R × NC94022 | Khera et al., 2016; | ||
| 31 | 6.26–15.55 | 11 | Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Pandey, Wang, et al., 2017; | ||
| 3 | 9.00–63.10 | 2 | TAG 24 × GPBD 4 | Pandey, Khan, et al., 2017; | ||
| RKN resistance | 10 | – | 7 | Florunner × TxAG‐6 | Burow, Starr, Park, Simpson, & Paterson, 2014; | |
| 8 | 5.70–43.70 | 6 | A. duranensis × A. stenosperma | Leal‐Bertioli et al., 2016; | ||
| TSWV resistance | 2 | 12.90–35.80 | 2 | SunOleic 97R × NC94022; Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Qin et al., 2012; | |
| 24 | 4.40–34.92 | 6 | Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Wang et al., 2013; | ||
| 2 | 10.02–22.70 | 1 | Florida‐ EPTM “113” × Georgia Valencia | Tseng et al., 2016; | ||
| 6 | 4.36–29.14 | 4 | SunOleic 97R × NC94022 | Khera et al., 2016; | ||
| 11 | 6.74–14.41 | 1 | Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Pandey, Wang, et al., 2017; | ||
| Thrips resistance | 3 | 5.86–19.43 | 2 | Tifrunner × GT‐C20 | Wang et al., 2013; | |
| Bruchid resistance | 44 | 11.00–82.00 | 13 | VG 9514 × TAG 24 | Mondal et al., 2014 | |
PVE: percentage phenotypic variance explained; GH: growth habit; MSH: main stem height; PH: plant height; DF: days to flowering; LNB: length and number of branches; PoM: percentage of maturity; HI: harvest index; SW: seed weight; FSD: fresh seed dormancy; T: transpiration (T); TE: transpiration efficiency; LA: leaf area; CI: carbon isotope discrimination ratio; CC: canopy conductance.
a
Epistatic QTLs are included for some studies.