FIG. 3.

Pores in 2D membranes. (a) Graphene pore of “radius” 0.19 nm fabricated via ion bombardment and chemical etching. From O’Hern et al. (2014). (b) MoS₂ pore of “radius” 0.3 nm made via electrochemical breakdown. From Feng et al. (2016b). (c) hBN pore from electron beam irradiation. From Ryu et al. (2015). (d) Scatter plot of the blockade current/duration for 10-kilobase dsDNA translocation through a graphene pore of diameter 5 nm. The insets give events for partially folded (left) and unfolded (right) configurations. The electronic charge deficit (e.c.d.) indicates that, e.g., single folds block twice the charge but for half the time, giving a constant total blockade for the event. Adapted from Garaj et al. (2010).