Table 3.
Baseline characteristics close to cut-off point for the full sample of nursing homes
| Star Rating | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| 1–2 | 2–3 | 3–4 | 4–5 | |||||
|
| ||||||||
| Treated | Control | Treated | Control | Treated | Control | Treated | Control | |
| N | 408 | 611 | 436 | 432 | 497 | 402 | 588 | 548 |
| Payer | ||||||||
| Medicaid | 0.64 (0.19) | 0.64 (0.17) | 0.59** (0.23) | 0.63 (0.21) | 0.57 (0.25) | 0.58 (0.24) | 0.55 (0.28) | 0.53 (0.29) |
| Medicare | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.17 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.17 (0.20) | 0.17 (0.19) | 0.15*** (0.20) | 0.21 (0.26) |
| Other | 0.22 (0.15) | 0.21 (0.13) | 0.25** (0.16) | 0.26 (0.15) | 0.26 (0.20) | 0.25 (0.17) | 0.30*** (0.23) | 0.26 (0.19) |
| Residents | 101.78 (60.28) | 99.45 (48.7) | 94.01 (57.07) | 93.63 (52.88) | 87.17 (81.96) | 87.2 (65.19) | 75.53 (54.15) | 71.69 (54.81) |
| Beds | 123.6 (65.79) | 119.29 (51.27) | 112.87 (63.98) | 113.54 (59.36) | 103.22 (88.27) | 106.67 (72.58) | 90.80 (63.86) | 86.67 (60.42) |
| Occupancy | 0.82 (0.16) | 0.83 (0.14) | 0.84 (0.15) | 0.83 (0.15) | 0.84 (0.16) | 0.82 (0.18) | 0.85** (0.19) | 0.82 (0.17) |
| Occupancy > 0.95 | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.29** (0.45) | 0.23 (0.42) |
| HHI | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.23 (0.25) | 0.21 (0.23) | 0.22 (0.24) | 0.21 (0.24) | 0.19** (0.22) | 0.22 (0.25) |
| HHI < 0.25 | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.7 (0.46) | 0.7 (0.46) | 0.71 (0.45) | 0.73* (0.44) | 0.68 (0.47) |
| Special focus facility | 0.03*** (0.17) | 0.01 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.08) | - | - | - | - |
| Urban | 0.71 (0.45) | 0.69 (0.46) | 0.61* (0.49) | 0.66 (0.47) | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.62 (0.49) |
| Chain | 0.62 (0.49) | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.57 (0.5) | 0.52 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.55 (0.5) | 0.43 (0.5) | 0.41 (0.49) |
| Hospital based | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.23) | 0.12** (0.32) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.12** (0.32) | 0.17 (0.38) |
| Ownership | ||||||||
| Profit | 0.78 (0.41) | 0.81 (0.4) | 0.68** (0.47) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.55 (0.5) | 0.56 (0.5) |
| Non-profit | 0.18 (0.38) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.30** (0.46) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.35** (0.48) | 0.28 (0.45) | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.37 (0.48) |
| Government | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.07** (0.26) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.26) |
| Total admissions 2008 | 235.18 (211.03) | 235.56 (191.07) | 239.15 (234.03) | 221.85 (218.05) | 211.84 (202.6) | 213.62 (183.98) | 181.75*** (197.53) | 217.86 (224.4) |
| Medicare admissions 2008 | 168.59 (161.94) | 173.62 (146.68) | 177.37 (174.18) | 160.79 (153.7) | 154.67 (160.15) | 157.85 (145.43) | 128.79*** (147.04) | 161.24 (175.52) |
| Age | 78.61 (5.88) | 78.42 (5.96) | 80.2 (5.97) | 79.33 (6.17) | 80.5 (7.01) | 80.33 (5.35) | 80.25 (9.95) | 80.72 (7.11) |
| Female | 0.66 (0.1) | 0.66 (0.09) | 0.68* (0.09) | 0.67 (0.11) | 0.68 (0.12) | 0.67 (0.1) | 0.69 (0.15) | 0.69 (0.11) |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 0.81 (0.22) | 0.8 (0.23) | 0.84* (0.21) | 0.82 (0.22) | 0.85 (0.22) | 0.83 (0.24) | 0.84 (0.24) | 0.86 (0.22) |
| Black | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.14 (0.19) | 0.1 (0.18) | 0.12 (0.18) | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.1 (0.19) | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.08 (0.15) |
| Other | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.07 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.08 (0.17) | 0.07 (0.15) |
| Hispanic | 0.05 (0.12) | 0.04 (0.1) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.11) | 0.04 (0.13) | 0.04 (0.1) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than HS | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.32 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.16) | 0.3 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.18) | 0.28 (0.16) |
| HS | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.37 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.13) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.35*** (0.14) | 0.38 (0.14) |
| More than HS | 0.21* (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.22 (0.12) | 0.22 (0.11) | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.23 (0.13) | 0.27* (0.19) | 0.26 (0.16) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 0.17* (0.08) | 0.18 (0.07) | 0.18* (0.08) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.1) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.17*** (0.1) | 0.2 (0.11) |
| Widowed | 0.32* (0.13) | 0.34 (0.13) | 0.35 (0.14) | 0.34 (0.14) | 0.35 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.13) | 0.34*** (0.16) | 0.37 (0.15) |
| Other | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.2 (0.12) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.12) |
| Living alone | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.1) | 0.29* (0.1) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.28 (0.12) | 0.29 (0.11) | 0.28 (0.14) | 0.29 (0.12) |
| Case-mix | ||||||||
| CPS | 2.31 (0.65) | 2.32 (0.57) | 2.30 (0.69) | 2.31 (0.64) | 2.33** (0.78) | 2.21 (0.68) | 2.33* (0.86) | 2.23 (0.85) |
| ADL | 11.73** (1.65) | 11.98 (1.48) | 12.01** (1.56) | 11.76 (1.65) | 11.86 (1.73) | 11.83 (1.73) | 11.56 (2.05) | 11.74 (1.73) |
Notes: Standard deviation in parentheses.
*, **, and ***
indicate significantly different between treatment and control nursing homes at 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence levels, respectively.
Bandwidth of 3 percentile points. HHI: Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. HS: High school. CPS: Cognitive performance scores. ADL: Activities of Daily Living.