Table 4. Source of variation for beta diversity.
| Source of variation | df | SS | MS | F | R2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a) | ||||||
| Sample type | 1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 0.14 | 0.001 |
| Source/surface | 1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.07 | 0.002 |
| Spring type | 1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.04 | 0.098 |
| Temp | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.05 | 0.002 |
| Elevation (m) | 1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.03 | 0.225 |
| Fish | 1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.07 | 0.004 |
| Area | 5 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.25 | 0.001 |
| Residuals | 12 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 0.34 | ||
| Total | 23 | 9.8 | 1.00 | |||
| b) | ||||||
| Sample type | 2 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 5.0 | 0.27 | 0.001 |
| Residuals | 27 | 9.1 | 0.3 | 0.73 | ||
| Total | 29 | 12.4 | 1.00 | |||
| c) | ||||||
| Sample type | 2 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 4.7 | 0.47 | 0.001 |
| Residuals | 10 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.53 | ||
| Total | 12 | 4.8 | 1.00 |
Difference in composition of the different taxonomic units (beta-diversity) among samples from different springs and sample units. The ratio of variance among sites and within sites was tested with permanova using the adonis function in the R-package vegan [51]. a) Bacterial community in springs (water and glass bead samples) tested with environmental factors, b) bacterial communities in all sample types among all sampling sites and c) for sites where all sample types were collected. Number of permutations: 999. A: amphipods, W: water and G: glass beads.