Table 1.
Basic properties of initial soils from three land uses (cropland, grassland, forest) on two distinct bedrocks (silicate, limestone), with indications of significance of bedrock (B), land use (L), and their interaction (B × L). Significance levels are represented as asterisks: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; not significant, n.s. Data presented are means ± 1SE (n = 4).
| Unit | Silicate | Limestone | B | L | B × L | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cropland | Grassland | Forest | Cropland | Grassland | Forest | |||||
| pH (water) | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | *** | *** | * | |
| Sand | % | 44 ± 0.6 | 61 ± 2.5 | 47 ± 1.0 | 29 ± 1.5 | 47 ± 13.2 | 22 ± 1.6 | ** | ** | n.s. |
| Silt | % | 47 ± 0.6 | 33 ± 2.3 | 35 ± 0.9 | 56 ± 0.6 | 44 ± 11.1 | 62 ± 1.8 | *** | * | n.s. |
| Clay | % | 8 ± 0.3 | 5 ± 0.2 | 17 ± 0.2 | 14 ± 1.0 | 8 ± 2.2 | 14 ± 1.5 | * | *** | ** |
| exch Ca | cmolc kg−1 | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 32.0 ± 0.3 | 20.8 ± 3.7 | 21.0 ± 0.5 | *** | *** | * |
| exch Al | cmolc kg−1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0.0 ± 0 | – | – | – |
| CEC | cmolc kg−1 | 8.4 ± 2.0 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 33.7 ± 0.4 | 22.7 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | *** | ** | ** |
| BS | % | 93.4 ± 3.5 | 82.7 ± 3.0 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 99.5 ± 0.2 | 99.3 ± 0.1 | *** | *** | *** |
| SOC | g C kg−1 | 21.8 ± 1.1 | 26.7 ± 0.9 | 49.9 ± 7.6 | 47.0 ± 0.9 | 43.9 ± 5.4 | 36.8 ± 2.4 | ** | n.s. | *** |
| TN | g N kg−1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | *** | * | * |
| Soil C/N | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 19.6 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 1.0 | 11.3 ± 0.4 | ** | *** | *** | |
| Cmic | mg C kg−1 | 72.1 ± 7.2 | 158.6 ± 7.6 | 96.9 ± 17.3 | 317.4 ± 11.0 | 357.1 ± 39.7 | 203.7 ± 6.4 | *** | *** | *** |
| Nmic | mg N kg−1 | 48.7 ± 7.1 | 34.8 ± 2.8 | 13.2 ± 5.0 | 63.6 ± 6.8 | 63.6 ± 8.6 | 23.8 ± 2.6 | *** | *** | ** |
| Cmic/Nmic | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | n.s. | ** | *** | |
| DOC | mg C kg−1 | 64.6 ± 3.6 | 85.6 ± 4.3 | 160.9 ± 13.1 | 52.5 ± 1.8 | 53.7 ± 12.6 | 53.4 ± 6.9 | *** | *** | *** |
| TDN | mg N kg−1 | 28.0 ± 3.0 | 35.2 ± 3.0 | 24.4 ± 1.6 | 38.7 ± 0.9 | 35.6 ± 3.5 | 32.0 ± 3.3 | * | * | n.s. |
| DON | mg N kg- | 15.7 ± 1.0 | 32.4 ± 2.3 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 16.9 ± 1.2 | 16.0 ± 1.4 | 15.2 ± 1.9 | ** | *** | *** |
| FAA | mg N kg−1 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | *** | n.s. | n.s. |
| NH4+ | mg N kg−1 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | ** | *** | *** |
| NO3− | mg N kg−1 | 11.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | 18.9 ± 2.1 | 15.7 ± 1.6 | *** | ** | * |
| Al_oxalate | g kg−1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | *** | n.s. | * |
| Fe_oxalate | g kg−1 | 8.5 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.5 | 11.2 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 0.0 | *** | n.s. | *** |
| Al_dithionite | g kg−1 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | *** | n.s. | * |
| Fe_dithionite | g kg−1 | 24.2 ± 1.3 | 18.8 ± 1.8 | 26.2 ± 1.8 | 24.9 ± 1.1 | 39.7 ± 10.3 | 26.3 ± 1.7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |