. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 28.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 Aug 28;43(10):1978–1987. doi: 10.1038/s41366-019-0446-5

Table 3.

Results of multiple linear regression models testing the relationship between hormones or indices of estrogen action and either total percent body fat or percent gynoid fat controlled for breast morphological stage.

	Total Percent Body Fat		Percent Gynoid Fat
Indices of Estrogen Action	ß coefficient (95% CI)^b	P-Value	ß coefficient (95% CI)^b	P-Value
Uterine volume (cm³)	0.005 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.60	0.005 (−0.016, 0.025)	0.65
Endometrial thickness (mm)	−0.0005 (−0.18, 0.02)	0.95	0.0009 (−0.02, 0.021)	0.93
Bone age - Chronological age (yrs)	0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)	0.20	0.024 (−0.015, 0.06)	0.22
Maximum ovarian volume (cm³)	0.03 (−0.04, 0.10)	0.34	0.037 (−0.04, 0.12)	0.37
Maximum follicle size (mm)	0.002 (−0.08, 0.08)	0.97	−0.006 (−0.11, 0.092)	0.90
Modified VMI (% superficial cells)	−0.13 (−0.69, 0.43)	0.64	−0.36 (−0.95, 0.23)	0.22
Hormones^a
E1	0.008 (−0.013, 0.03)	0.44	0.007 (−0.018,.032)	0.57
E2	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	0.52	0.017 (−0.031,0.065)	0.48
AD	0.003 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.72	0.008 (−0.009, .024)	0.37
TT	0.01 (−0.005, 0.02)	0.21	0.02 (−0.002, 0.03)	0.07
LH	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	0.59	0.019 (−0.03, 0.06)	0.39
FSH	−0.002 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.82	−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.63
E1/AD	0.004 (−0.007, 0.02)	0.46	0.003 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.70
E2/TT	0.004 (−0.02, 0.03)	0.76	0.004 (−0.03, 0.04)	0.80

Percent gynoid fat (i.e., percent of hip and upper thigh tissue made up of fat) was tested separately because aromatase expression is highest in the buttocks and thighs.

All hormones were natural log(ln)-transformed before analysis.

Partial correlation coefficients (ß) indicate the unit change in the dependent variable for every 1 percentage point increase in the independent variable (percent body fat or gynoid fat). For natural log(ln)-transformed variables, ß × 100 represents the percent change in the independent variable for every 1 percentage point increase in percent body fat. VMI, vaginal maturation index; E1, estrone; E2, estradiol; AD, androstenedione; TT, total testosterone. To convert E2 to SI units (pmol/L), multiply by 3.67; for E1 (pmol/L), multiply by 3.69; for AD (nmol/L), multiply by 0.0349; for TT (nmol/L), multiply by 0.0347.