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. 2019 Sep 11;6(9):190826. doi: 10.1098/rsos.190826

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

The trend lines of the effectiveness of deterrents (a), electric fences, guarding animals and herding (b), and supplemental feeding (c) excluding the cases of constant, maximal 100% damage reduction in table 2. The months and years of effectiveness measurements are marked by squares. Description of cases: 1, effect of acoustical deterrents (aggressive bear sounds) on nuisance behaviour of polar bear (U. maritimus) in Canada [33]; 2, effect of a chemical deterrent (LiCl) on sheep depredation by coyote (C. latrans) in Canada [31]; 3, effect of a physical deterrent (protective collar) on livestock depredation by black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas), caracal (Caracal caracal) and leopard (P. pardus) in South Africa [32]; 4, effect of a combination of chemical deterrent (pepper spray), physical deterrent (rubber bullet), acoustical deterrent (cracker shell) and dogs on nuisance behaviour of American black bear (U. americanus) in the USA [42]; 5, effect of the same deterrents as in case 4, but without dogs, on nuisance behaviour of American black bear in the USA [42]; 6–8, effects of electric fences on sheep depredation by coyote on three farms in Canada [29]; 9, effect of electric fences on nuisance behaviour of polar bear in Canada [33]; 10, effect of guarding llamas (L. glama) on ewe depredation by domestic dog (C. familiaris), red fox (V. vulpes) and coyote in the USA [27]; 11, effect of guarding dogs on livestock depredation by black-backed jackal and caracal in South Africa [32]; 12, effect of herding on sheep depredation by coyote, puma (Puma concolor) and American black bear in the USA [43]; 13, effect of guarding alpacas (Vicugna pacos) on livestock depredation by black-backed jackal and caracal in South Africa [32]; 14, effect of guarding llamas on lamb depredation by domestic dog, red fox and coyote in the USA [27]; 15, effect of supplemental feeding by carrion on cattle depredation by brown bears (U. arctos) during non-spring in Canada [30]; 16, effect of supplemental feeding by carrion on cattle depredation by brown bears during spring in Canada [30].