Table 2.
The list of studies which estimated the constant, maximal effectiveness (100% reduction in damage) of non-invasive interventions through regular monitoring. The studies are ranged according to the periods of effectiveness estimation.
| predator | asset | intervention | period of effectiveness estimation | frequency of effectiveness monitoring | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| puma (Puma concolor) | cattle | calving control | 3 years | annually | [36] |
| grey wolf (Canis lupus) | cattle | calving control | 3 years | annually | [36] |
| American black bear (Ursus americanus) | cattle | calving control | 3 years | annually | [36] |
| coyote (C. latrans) | cattle | calving control | 3 years | annually | [36] |
| coyote (C. latrans) | sheepa | electric fence | 3 years | annually | [29] |
| spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) | cattle | night corrals | 2 years | annually | [37] |
| Asiatic black bear (U. thibetanus) | crops and beehives | electric fence | 2 years | annually | [38] |
| American black bear (U. americanus) | local neighbourhoods | physical deterrent (shocking device) | 5 months | twice (beginning and end) | [39] |
| grey wolf (C. lupus) | cattle | acoustical and visual deterrents | 3 months | monthly | [40] |
| Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) | sheep | electric fence | 3 months | twice (beginning and end) | [41] |
aThis case indicates the effect of electric fence on sheep depredation on a farm in Canada, and such effects on three other farms in the same study are shown in figure 2.