Table 1.
Comparison of novel methods of influenza virus detection (QCM = quartz crystal microbalance, SERS + LFA = surface-enhanced Raman scattering + lateral flow assay, HA = haemagglutinin, NA = neuraminidase).
| method | monitoring use | label-free | lifetime (stability) | non-specific protection | limit of detection (LOD) | detection time | ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| piezoceramic disc with glycopolymer receptor | yes | yes | high | high | 105 vp ml−1 for 100-μm thick below 104 vp ml−1 for 10-μm thick |
15 min | our technology |
| SERS + LFA | no | no | low | low | 1.9 × 104 PFU ml−1 | — | [38] |
| spectrophotometry | no | no | low | high | 0.1 ng ml−1 (approx. 1.9 × 105 vp ml−1) | 30 min | [39] |
| QCM with aptamers in hydrogel | yes | yes | medium | low | 0.0128 HAU | 30 min | [11] |
| SAW (surface acoustic waves) | yes | yes | low | medium | 1 ng ml−1 of HA protein | 10 min | [8] |
| LSV (linear sweep voltammetry) | yes | yes | high | high | 5.6 ng ml−1 of NA protein poor selectivity |
30 min | [40] |